Goose Green jangi - Battle of Goose Green

Goose Green jangi
Qismi Folklend urushi
Goose Green school.jpg
Darvin maktabining binosi yonmoqda
Sana28-29 may 1982 yil (1982-05-28 – 1982-05-29)
Manzil
Goz yashil; Darvin, Folklend orollari
51 ° 49′43.8 ″ S 58 ° 58′9 ″ V / 51.828833 ° S 58.96917 ° Vt / -51.828833; -58.96917Koordinatalar: 51 ° 49′43.8 ″ S 58 ° 58′9 ″ V / 51.828833 ° S 58.96917 ° Vt / -51.828833; -58.96917
NatijaBritaniya g'alabasi
Urushayotganlar
 Birlashgan Qirollik Argentina
Qo'mondonlar va rahbarlar
Jalb qilingan birliklar
Kuch
  • 690[1][2]
  • 3 ta qiruvchi samolyot
  • 1 frekat
896–1,083 (faqat 770 ta jangga loyiq; qolganlari havo kuchlari quruqlikdagi shaxsiy tarkibi, mexaniklar, texniklar va ba'zi Argentina sohil qo'riqchilari edi)
Yo'qotishlar va yo'qotishlar
  • 18 kishi o'ldirilgan[3]
  • 64 kishi yaralangan[4]
  • 1 ta vertolyot yo'q qilindi
  • 45-55 o'ldirilgan[5]
  • 112-145 kishi yaralangan[6]
  • 961 asir olingan[7]
  • 3 ta hujum samolyoti
Goose Green jangi Folklend orollarida joylashgan
Goose Green jangi
Folklend orollari ichida joylashgan joy

The Goose Green jangi davomida 1982 yil 28 va 29 may kunlari Britaniya va Argentina kuchlari o'rtasida kelishuv bo'lgan Folklend urushi. Joylashgan Sharqiy Folklend markaziy istmus, turar joy Goz yashil aerodrom joylashgan joy edi. Masofaga yaqin masofada Argentina kuchlari yaxshi himoyalangan holatda edi San-Karlos Voter, Buyuk Britaniyaning tezkor guruhi amfibiya qo'nishini amalga oshirdi.

Britaniyalik hujum kuchlarining asosiy qismi 2-batalyon edi, Parashyut polki (2-paragraf), podpolkovnik tomonidan qo'mondonlik qilingan Herbert Jons. BBC radiosi Goose Green-ga yaqinlashib kelayotgan hujum haqidagi yangiliklarni tarqatdi. Bu ehtimol argentinalik himoyachilarni oldindan ogohlantirganligini bilgan holda, translyatsiya Jons va boshqa ingliz xodimlarining zudlik bilan tanqidiga sabab bo'ldi.

Hujum 1982 yil 28-mayning dastlabki soatlarida boshlangandan so'ng, 2-parashyut batalyonining ilgarilashi o't o'chirish maydonlari bo'lgan mahkamlangan xandaklar tomonidan to'xtab qoldi. Jons dushman pulemyot postida yakka ayblov paytida o'ldirilgan. Argentina garnizoni a sulh va ertasi kuni ertalab rasman taslim bo'ldi. Ularning xatti-harakatlari natijasida ikkala Parashyut batalyonining qo'mondoni sifatida Jons ham, uning o'rnini egallagan mayor Kris Kibl ham medallar bilan taqdirlandilar: Jons o'limidan keyin Viktoriya xochi va Kebl qabul qildi Hurmatli xizmat tartibi.

Prelude

Vaqt va nomenklatura

Britaniya kuchlari ushlab turdilar Zulu vaqti (UTC ), va shunga o'xshash ko'plab yangiliklar hisobotlari tuzilgan. Biroq, ushbu sahifadagi vaqtlar Folklend orolining mahalliy vaqtiga (UTC − 3), Argentinada saqlangan vaqtga to'g'ri keladi. Jang kuni quyosh chiqishi soat 08:39 da, quyosh botishi soat 16:58 da bo'lgan.[8] Shunga o'xshash kompaniyalarning belgilari bilan chalkashliklarni oldini olish uchun Argentina kompaniyalari "A kompaniyasi" shaklida, Britaniya kuchlari esa "A kompaniyasi" deb nomlanadi.

Relyefi va sharoitlari

O'simliklar va er maydoni: past tussok bilan qoplangan tepaliklar qor to'ldirilgan vodiylar

Goz Yashil va Darvin tor joyda istmus ulanish Lafoniya, janubga, bilan Uikxem Xayts, shimolga. Istmusning ikkala sharqiy sohilida joylashgan ikkita manzilgohi bor: Darvin, shimolda va janubda Goose Green. Relyef dumaloq va bepoyon bo'lib, o'tloqli o'simliklar, qalin gor va torf botqoqlari bilan qoplangan bo'lib, samarali kamuflyaj va yashirishni juda qiyinlashtiradi.

Orollar sovuq va nam iqlimga ega. Maydan avgustgacha, qishning janubiy yarim sharida, er to'yingan va tez-tez sho'r suv bilan qoplangan, yurish sekin va charchagan, ayniqsa kechasi. Dovulli yomg'irlar har uch kunda ikkitadan, doimiy shamol bilan sodir bo'ladi. Yomg'ir, qor, tuman va quyosh davrlari tez o'zgarib turadi va quyosh juda oz, shuning uchun qo'shinlarning isishi va qurishi uchun kam imkoniyatlar mavjud.[9]

Operatsion maqsad

Argentina kuchlarining asosiy qismi atrofdagi pozitsiyalarda edi Port Stenli, taxminan 80 milya sharqda istmus va San-Karlos, Britaniyaning asosiy qo'nish joyi. Goz Grin va Darvindagi argentinalik pozitsiyalarni artilleriya, minomyotlar, 35 mm to'p va pulemyotlar bilan jihozlangan kuch yaxshi himoya qildi.[10] Britaniya razvedkasining ta'kidlashicha, Argentina kuchlari cheklangan hujum qobiliyatlarini namoyish etishgan va San-Karlosga qo'nish maydoniga katta xavf tug'dirmagan. Binobarin, G'oz Grin orollarni qaytarib olish kampaniyasida inglizlar uchun strategik harbiy ahamiyatga ega bo'lmaganga o'xshardi; va er operatsiyalari bo'yicha dastlabki rejalar Goz Yashilni ajratish va chetlab o'tishni talab qildi.[11]

21-may kuni inglizlarning San-Karlosga qo'nishidan keyin va plyaj poydevori birlashtirilayotganda, hech qanday hujumkor quruqlik operatsiyalari o'tkazilmadi va faoliyat mustahkamlangan joylarni qazish, patrul va kutish bilan cheklandi;[12] shu vaqt ichida Argentinaning havo hujumlari qo'nish maydonchasi atrofidagi ingliz kemalariga katta zarar etkazdi va yo'qotildi. Ushbu hujumlar va quruqlikdagi kuchlarning San-Karlos hududidan tashqariga chiqmasligi, Buyuk Britaniyadagi yuqori darajadagi qo'mondonlar va siyosatchilar orasida kampaniya tezligi yo'qolayotgani haqidagi tuyg'ularni keltirib chiqardi.[13] Natijada, Britaniya qo'shma shtab-kvartirasi Buyuk Britaniyada tomonidan tobora ortib borayotgan bosimga duch keldi Britaniya hukumati erta quruq hujum uchun, uning siyosiy va tashviqot ahamiyati uchun.[14] Agar bunday qaror qabul qilinishidan oldin Darvin-G'oz Yashil istmusi qabul qilinishi mumkin bo'lsa, Britaniya kuchlari butun Lafoniya va shu tariqa Sharqiy Folklandning muhim qismiga kirishni nazorat qilar edilar.[15] 25 may kuni Brigadir Julian Tompson, qo'mondonlik, qo'mondonlik 3 komando brigadasi, Gus Grin va Darvin atrofidagi Argentinaning pozitsiyalariga hujum uyushtirishga buyruq berildi.[13]

Argentina himoyasi

Task Force Mercedes nomi bilan tanilgan mudofaa qiluvchi Argentina kuchlari podpolkovnikning ikkita kompaniyasidan iborat edi Talo Piaggi 12-piyoda polki (RI 12) - uning uchinchi kompaniyasi (B kompaniyasi) hali ham Kent tog'ida "Combat Team Solari" sifatida joylashtirilgan va faqatgina Goz Green aerodromi qulaganidan keyin RI 12 ga qayta qo'shilish kerak edi.[16] Ishchi guruh tarkibida qo'riqchilar turiga mansub kompaniya ham bo'lgan 25-piyoda polki (25-chi) Maxsus Piyodalar polki yoki RI 25).[17]

Havodan mudofaa oltita akkumulyator bilan ta'minlandi 20 mm reinmetallar tomonidan boshqariladi havo kuchlari xodimlar va ikkita radar boshqaruvchisi Oerlikon 35 mm dan zenit qurollari 601-chi samolyotga qarshi batalyon, bu jangning so'nggi bosqichlarida erni qo'llab-quvvatlash rolida ishlatilishi mumkin. Shuningdek, uchta batareyadan iborat bitta batareya bor edi OTO Melara Mod 56 105 mm to'plam гаubitsalar 4-desant artilleriya polkidan. Pucará samolyoti, Stenli shahrida joylashgan va raketalar va napalm bilan qurollangan, yaqin havo yordamini ta'minlagan.[18] Piaggi qo'mondonligidagi umumiy kuchlar 1083 kishidan iborat edi.[19]

Piaggi buyruqlari unga Stenlining g'arbiy qismida joylashgan boshqa kuchlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash, Darvin istmusini egallab olish va himoya qilish uchun zaxira jangovar guruhini (Mersedes Mersedes) ta'minlashi va Gus Grinda joylashgan harbiy havo bazasi kondorini himoya qilishni talab qildi. U har tomonlama mudofaa holatini oldi, A IR12 kompaniyasi uning himoyasi uchun kalit edi; Ular Darvin tepaligidan Boka uyigacha Darvin istmusi bo'ylab o'tayotgan qor to'sig'i bo'ylab joylashtirilgan.[16] Piaggi uni joylashtirdi recce vzvod (leytenant Karlos Marselo Morales boshchiligida) RI 12's A Company-ning Coronation Ridge tomon oldinga yo'naltirilgan ekrani sifatida, RI 12's C Company esa Lafonia yaqinlashishini qoplash uchun Goose Green janubida joylashtirilgan. Kent tog'ida saqlanib qolgan B kompaniyasining o'rnini bosish uchun u shtab-kvartiradan va boshqa xodimlardan kompozitsion kompaniya yaratdi va ularni Gus Grinda joylashtirdi. RI 25's C (Ranger) kompaniyasi (paratroop tomonidan o'qitilgan birinchi leytenant ostida) Karlos Daniel Esteban ) ko'chma rezervni taqdim etdi. U Goose Green-dagi maktab binosida chop etilgan.[16] Darvin turar-joyiga, Salinas plyajiga va Boka uyiga elementlar ham joylashtirildi; va havo kuchlari xavfsizlik kursantlari zenitga qarshi elementlar bilan birgalikda aerodromni himoya qilish majburiyatini olgan. Hujumdan himoyalanish uchun taktik jihatdan muhim deb topilgan maydonlarga minalar qo'yilgan edi.[20]

Qog'ozda Piaggi to'liq polkga ega edi, lekin u ikki xil brigadaning uchta alohida polkining birliklaridan iborat edi, ularning hech biri hech qachon birga ishlamagan. RI 12 asosan shimoliy, subtropik Korrientes provinsiyasidan chaqirilgandan iborat edi, RI 25 kompaniyasi esa elita formasi deb hisoblangan va komando ta'limidan o'tgan.[21] Jang boshlanganda, Argentina kuchlarida ingliz parashyutchilari bilan bir xil miqdordagi samarali jangchilar bor edi.[22] Ba'zi elementlar yaxshi o'qitilgan va yuqori darajadagi ruhiy va g'ayrati namoyon bo'lgan (C kompaniyasining 25-polk va akkumulyator 4-chi havo artilleriya guruhi); 12-polkning "B" komandiri leytenant Ignasio Gorriti bilan "nutqlarga hojat yo'q edi. Biz boshidanoq Malvinaliklar qanchalik muhimligini bilardik. Bu bir xil sevgi edi; biz o'zimizga tegishli bo'lgan narsani himoya qilmoqchi edik".[23][22] 12-polk kapeleni bilan boshqa bo'linmalar unchalik yaxshi g'ayratga ega emas edilar, Santyago Mora yozuv:

25-piyoda harbiy xizmatga chaqirilganlar jang qilishni va o'zlarini shon-sharaf bilan qoplashni xohlashdi. 12-piyoda polkining chaqiriluvchilari ularga aytilgani sababli jang qildilar. Bu ularni kamroq jasur qilmadi. Umuman olganda, ular hayratlanarli darajada xotirjam bo'lib qolishdi.[24]

Oddiy Esteban Roberto Avalos Folklendda RI 12's B kompaniyasida snayper sifatida jang qilgan. Umuman olganda, qo'lda tanlab olingan 12-polkning chaqiriluvchilariga va nodavlat notijorat tashkilotlariga tashrif buyuruvchilaridan qo'riqchilar o'qitildi Xalkon 8 (Falcon 8) 1981 yilda armiya qo'mondonlari va keyin o'z kompaniyalariga qaytib kelishdi:

Mening vaziyatimda, men o'q otish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lgan, biz dalada bo'lganimizdan beri tayyorlagan keskin o'qotar bo'ldim. FAL. U erda o'tkazgan 45 kun davomida biz haftasiga uch-to'rt marta o'q otish bilan shug'ullanishimiz kerak edi va o'sha daqiqalardan tortishish holatlarini o'rganish va qurol bilan tanishish uchun foydalanilgan. Umuman olganda, yuqori lavozimdagi rahbarlar bilan muomala juda zo'r edi, garchi kimdir uni buzsa, biz hammamiz uning narxini to'ladik. Eng keng tarqalgan jazolar bizni tunda dushga olib borib, bizni turtki berishga majbur qildi yoki bizdan qurbaqa sakrashlari va emaklab yurishlarini talab qildi. Agar kimdir noto'g'ri qadam qo'ygan bo'lsa, masalan, mashg'ulotdan chetlatilishi oqilona edi va ular sizni qushqo'nmas yoki loyga surish bilan biroz "raqsga" tushirishadi. Endi o'qitish mavzusiga qaytib, men aytmoqchimanki, bu hech bo'lmaganda guruhimizga tegishli bo'lsa, umuman qoniqarli edi, chunki biz portlovchi moddalardan foydalanish bo'yicha boshlang'ich tayyorgarligimizga ega edik va hattoki o'zimizni himoya qilish uchun bizga ba'zi darslar berildi. . "[25]

Argentina pozitsiyalari yaxshi tanlandi va ofitserlar yaxshi ma'lumot berishdi.[22] Angliya bosqinidan bir necha hafta oldin, havo hujumlari, dengiz bombardimonlari, ularning moddiy-texnik ta'minoti va noqulay sharoitlar uning qisqarishiga yordam berdi,[26] Hozirgi 4-chi havo-artilleriya polkining o'qotarlari va ofitserlar, nodavlat notijorat tashkilotlari va 12-chi va 25-chi polklarning qo'riqchilari tomonidan o'qitilgan harbiy xizmatchilari orasida argentinalik ruhiyat saqlanib qoldi.[27]19-may kuni Task Force Mercedes-da ruhiy holat ko'tarildi, Argentina havo kuchlari C-130 Hercules parashyut bilan sakkiz tonna konservalangan zahirada parvoz qildi.[28]

Britaniya hujum kuchi

Britaniyalik parashyutchilar jangda ishlatganlariga o'xshash Milan raketasi

Tompson 2-batalyonga buyruq berdi Parashyut polki (2 Para) janubdagi hujumga tayyorgarlik ko'rish va uni amalga oshirish uchun, chunki ular San-Karlosning mudofaa perimetridagi istmusga eng yaqin bo'linma edi.[29] U buyurdi Podpolkovnik Herbert 'H' Jons, 2-Para qo'mondoni, "shimolga asosiy yo'nalish uchun zaxirada bo'lishdan oldin, Goz Yashil istmusiga qarshi reyd o'tkazish va aholi punktlarini egallab olish". "Tutish" komponenti "reyd" komponentidan ko'ra Jonsga ko'proq murojaat qildi, garchi keyinchalik Tompson buyruqlarning "qo'lga olish" qismini tezda bajarish uchun etarli bo'lmagan kuchlarni tayinlaganini tan oldi.[30]

Ikki Para uchta miltiq ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniyadan, bitta patrul kompaniyasi, bitta qo'llab-quvvatlovchi kompaniya va shtab-kvartiradan iborat edi. Tompson uchta tayinlagan edi 105 mm artilleriya qismlari, 960 chig'anoq bilan, dan 29 qo'mondonlik polki, Qirollik artilleriyasi; bitta MILAN tankga qarshi raketa vzvodi; va Skaut qo'llab-quvvatlovchi elementlar sifatida vertolyotlar. Uchdan yaqin havo yordami mavjud edi Qirollik havo kuchlari Harrierlar va dengiz qurollarini qo'llab-quvvatlashni ta'minlash kerak edi HMSOk zulmat soatlarida.[31]

An SAS So'rov natijalariga ko'ra Darvin-Goz Yashil hududini bitta argentinalik kompaniya egallagan. Brigada razvedkasining xabar berishicha, dushman kuchlari uchta piyoda rota (ikkitasi RI 12 va RI 25 dan biri), RI 8 dan bitta vzvod, shuningdek artilleriya va vertolyot yordami bilan birga mumkin bo'lgan amfibiya vzvodidan iborat. Ixtilofli razvedka hisobotlari Jonsni unchalik bezovta qilmadi va noto'g'ri, SAS hisobotlariga ishonishga moyil bo'lib, ular haqiqatan ham "joyida" va brigada razvedkasi xodimlaridan ko'ra aniqroq ma'lumot bera olishdi.[32] Ushbu razvedka va Tompsonning buyrug'iga asoslanib, Jons operatsiyani olti bosqichda o'tkazishni rejalashtirdi, bu murakkab kechayu kunduz jim va shovqinli hujum. C Company start chizig'ini xavfsizlashtirishi kerak edi, so'ngra A Company istmusning chap tomonida (Darvin) start chizig'idan hujumni boshlashi kerak edi. B kompaniyasi o'z hujumini A kompaniyasi aloqa o'rnatgandan so'ng to'g'ridan-to'g'ri start chizig'idan boshlaydi va istmusning o'ng tomonida (Boka Xaus) oldinga siljiydi. A va B kompaniyalari o'zlarining dastlabki maqsadlarini ta'minlagandan so'ng, D kompaniyasi A va B kompaniyalari orasidagi boshlang'ich chiziqdan oldinga siljiydi va o'z maqsadlaridan foydalangan holda "qat'iy turishi" kerak edi. Buning ortidan D kompaniyasi orqali o'tib, har qanday Argentina zaxiralarini zararsizlantirishga majbur bo'lgan C Company keladi. Keyin C kompaniyasi yana oldinga siljiydi va Goose Green aerodromini tozalaydi, shundan so'ng Darvin va Goose Green aholi punktlari mos ravishda A va D kompaniyalari tomonidan ta'minlanadi.[33]

Vertolyotning ko'pi bilan havoga ko'tarilish qobiliyati cho'kishi bilan yo'qolgan edi SSAtlantika konveyeri, 2 Para, San-Karlosdan Camilla Creek House-ning tashkil topgan joyigacha 21 km masofani bosib o'tishlari kerak edi.[34] C Company va komando muhandislari 27 may kuni soat 22:00 da boshqa kompaniyalar uchun start chizig'iga yo'nalishni tozalash uchun u erdan chiqib ketishdi. Kamilla Krikining g'arbiy qismida 28 may kuni ertalab soat 02: 00ga qadar bo'lgan yong'in bazasi (havo va dengiz yong'in boshqaruvchilari, minomyot va snayperlardan iborat) qo'llab-quvvatlash kompaniyasi tomonidan tashkil etilgan.[35] 8 ta batareyadan uchta qurol, ularning ekipaji va o'q-dorilar Camilla Creek House-ga 20 tomonidan yuborilgan Dengiz qiroli vertolyot 27 may oqshomida so'nggi yorug'likdan keyin parvoz qiladi. A Company tomonidan uyushtirilgan hujum soat 03:00 da boshlanishi kerak edi, ammo qo'llab-quvvatlovchi olovni ro'yxatdan o'tkazish kechiktirilganligi sababli HMSOk, faqat soat 03:35 da boshlangan.[36]

Dastlabki aloqa

Harrier XZ998 qoldiqlari

4 may kuni uch qirollik floti Dengiz hariyerlari, dan ishlaydigan HMSGermes, Goose Green-dagi aerodrom va inshootlarga hujum qildi. Amaliyot paytida Dengiz Harrier kemasini Argentinaning 35-avtoulovi urib tushirdi mm zenit yong'in; uning uchuvchisi, RN leytenant Nik Teylor o'ldirilgan.[37]

21-may kuni Buyuk Britaniyaning San-Karlos hududiga tushishini qoplash uchun o'tkazilgan reydlar doirasida dengiz bombardimonlari va havo hujumlari ishtirok etgan "SAS" otryadining Usborn tog'idagi yig'ilish joyidan,[38] Darvin tizmasida qazib olinayotgan kompaniya bo'lgan 12-polk A kompaniyasiga (birinchi leytenant Xorxe Antonio Manresa boshchiligida) batalon hajmidagi hujumni simulyatsiya qilish uchun katta reyd uyushtirdi.[39]

22 may kuni to'rtta RAF Harrierlar, klasterli bomba bilan qurollangan, uchirilgan Germes, ularning maqsadlari yoqilg'i quyish joylari va Pucaras Goose Green-da. Formatsiya ularning hujumi paytida kuchli zenit otishmalariga duch keldi.[40] 601 qo'mondonlik komandiri kapitan Pablo Santiago Llanos (urib tushirilgan Qirollik harbiy-havo kuchlari Harrier uchuvchisi, parvoz leytenanti Jeffri Gloverni Port Xovardan Port Stenligacha) ish tashlash paytida qatnashgan va quyidagilarni kuzatgan:

Sizni ishontirib aytamanki, bu erda men eng yaxshi odamlarni ko'rganman, ayniqsa jangovar ruh haqida gap ketganda kichik darajadagi hamkasblarim. Goose Green-dagi hamma uylardan chiqib ketar, har qanday qopqoqning orqasida turar va samolyotlarga qarshi o'q uzar edi.[41]

26-dan 27-mayga o'tar kechasi Manresaning "A" kompaniyasidan ikkita miltiq vzvodi Usborn tog'iga javob reydini o'tkazishga tayyor edi, ammo cho'qqiga chiqqach, SAS ushbu funktsiyani bo'shatib qo'yganiga hayron bo'ldilar.[42][43] Ertasi kuni Darvin tizmasidagi Ernesto Orlando Peluffo durbinlari bilan inglizlarning oldinga qo'shinlarini ko'rdi; va uning RI 12 vzvodi so'nggi hujumdan bir necha soat oldin ingliz razvedka patrulini uzoq masofali pulemyotdan o'q uzdi.

27-may davomida Qirollik havo kuchlari qirollari Gus Grin ustida faol ishladilar. Ulardan biri kapitan Pol Farrarning C (Patrols) kompaniyasining yordam chaqiruviga javoban, 35 ga yutqazdi Darvin tizmasiga hujum paytida mm yong'in.[44][45][46] Harrier hujumlari, britaniyalik parashyutchilarni ko'rish va Bi-bi-si parashyut polkining 2-batalyoni hujumdan bir kun oldin Darvin va G'oz Gringa hujum qilishga tayyor va tayyor ekanligini e'lon qildi, bu Argentina garnizonini yaqinlashib kelayotgan hujum haqida ogohlantirdi.[47]

Jang

Darvin bog'lari

G'oz Yashil, 1982 yil 28-29 may

03:35 da HMSOk jami 22 ta o'q uzgan yulduz chig'anoqlari va 90 daqiqalik bombardimon paytida 4,5 "yuqori portlovchi (HE) snaryadlarning 135 ta zarbasi, bu hujum boshlanganligidan dalolat beradi.[48] Keyingi tungi jangda o'n ikki argentinalik halok bo'ldi.[17] Kuchli otishma ostida podpolkovniklar Marselo Martin Brakko va Alejandro Garraning vzvodlari dastlabki to'qnashuvlardan so'ng o'zlarining erkaklarining ellik foizini yo'qotganliklari, halok bo'lganlari, yaralanganlari, asirga olingan yoki bedarak yo'qolganliklari to'g'risida xabar berishlari bilan chekinishdi. Sub-leytenant boshchiligidagi vzvod Gustavo Adolfo Malakalza Darvin tizmasida yana jangovar pozitsiyalarni egallashdan oldin Burntsid tepaligidagi ingliz parashyutchilariga qarshi kechiktirilgan harakatga qarshi kurash olib bordi.[17]

Coronation Ridge pozitsiyasi mayor Philip Neame's D kompaniyasini vaqtincha to'xtatib qo'ydi. Uning ikki kishisi, 24 yoshli Lenta-kapral Gari Bingli va 19 yoshli oddiy askar Barri Greyling dushman pulemyot uyasini zaryad qilish va yaqinlashib kelayotgan miltiqchilarni himoya qilish uchun yashirincha chiqib ketishdi. Ikkalasi ham avtomatdan 10 metr (11 yd) uzoqlikda urilgan, ammo yiqilishidan oldin qurol ekipajining ikkitasini otib tashlagan. Binglining boshiga urilib o'ldirildi, Greyling esa sonidan jarohat oldi va u tirik qoldi.[49] Bingli o'limidan keyin mukofot bilan taqdirlandi Harbiy medal, va Grayling bilan bezatilgan Qirolichaning jozibali medali. Dushman pulemyotini ishdan bo'shatgandan so'ng, paraslar leytenant Horasio Muñoz Cabrera ostida bo'lgan argentinalik vzvod pozitsiyasini tozalashga muvaffaq bo'ldilar, ammo uchta Paras o'ldirildi.[17]

2 Para Darvin bog'lari orqali janubga qarab yurishni davom ettirdi. Mahalliy vaqt bilan ertalab soat 7:30 atrofida, 25-polkning "C" kompaniyasidan 1-o'q otish vzvodi boshchiligida. 2-leytenant Roberto Estéves, 2 Para's B Company-ga qarshi hujumga buyurtma oldi.[50] Argentinalik vzvod Darvin tepaligida pozitsiyalarni egallab, inglizlarning oldinga siljishiga to'sqinlik qila oldi, ammo yarador bo'lsa ham, leytenant Estévez argentinalik 105dan yong'inni qo'llab-quvvatlashni chaqira boshladi. mm artilleriya va 120 mm ohak. Shunday qilib, u 2 Paraning A kompaniyasining avansini ushlab turishga muvaffaq bo'ldi, hujumchilarni taraqqiyotni yangilashga tayyorgarlik ko'rayotganda oldinga yamaqlardagi odamlari sifatida tarqatib yubordi va yaqin atrofdagi xandaqlarda yashirinishga intildi. Merganlarning o'qidan o'lgan Estestes yiqilib tushdi. Uning o'lishi kerak bo'lgan buyrug'i Argentinalik yong'inni qo'llab-quvvatlashni davom ettirgan xususiy operatori Fabricio Edgar Karraskul edi. O'qlar argentinaliklarning mavqeini buzar edi va tez orada Karraskul o'ldirildi.[51] Ushbu harakat uchun ikkalasi ham o'limidan keyin bezatilgan edi: Estévez bilan Jangovar xochdagi qahramonlik jasoratiga Argentina millati (CHVC) va xususiy Karraskul bilan Jangdagi jasorat medali.[52][to'liq bo'lmagan qisqa ma'lumot ] Estévesning vzvodidagi oddiy askar Gilyermo Xirkapan ertalabki harakatni quyidagicha tasvirlaydi:

Leytenant Estevez mudofaani tashkillashtirishda bir tomondan u tomonga o'tib, birdaniga ular uni yelkasiga olishdi. Ammo o'sha bilan va og'ir jarohat bilan u xandaklar bo'ylab yurib, buyruq berib, askarlarga dalda berib, barchani so'radi. Biroz vaqt o'tgach, ular uni yon tomonga olishdi, ammo xuddi shu tarzda, xandaqdan u artilleriya olovini radio orqali boshqarishda davom etdi. Bir oz pauza bo'ldi, keyin inglizlar hujumni yana boshlashdi, oldinga intilishdi va biz yana ularni mag'lub etdik.[53][to'liq bo'lmagan qisqa ma'lumot ]

Britaniyaliklarning birinchi hujumi podpolkovnikning olovi bilan qaytarildi Ernesto Orlando Peluffo vzvod serjantidan keyin RI 12 vzvodi, Buenaventura Jumilla, inglizlar yaqinlashayotgani haqida ogohlantirdi. Mayor Farrar-Xokli ularning oldidagi tepaliklarda argentinalik qo'shimchalarni payqab qoldi. U baqirdi: "Pistirma! Qopqoqni oling!" xuddi avtomatlarning o'q uzgani kabi.[54] Farrar-Xoklining kompaniyasiga biriktirilgan qirollik muhandisi ofitseri, leytenant Klayv Livington, Darvin Xill uchun dastlabki jang haqida shunday yozgan edi:

O'rtacha katta miqdordagi pulemyot olovi bizni 400 metrga yaqin masofadan otib tashladi. Hozir tez paydo bo'layotgan yorug'lik dushmanga maqsadlarni aniqlashga va juda samarali o't o'chirishga imkon berdi. Garchi bu ham biz uchun ishlasa-da, biz ishlab chiqaradigan olovning og'irligi u keltirgan katta javobga mutanosib emas edi. Biz o'q uzishni to'xtatdik - bizning asosiy tashvishimiz, bizga bo'lgan e'tiborda to'xtab qolganda har doim uzoqlashish edi. Ikki vzvod bizni shunchalik qiynayotgan xandaqlarni bostira olmadi. Tutun va otish paytida pauzalar yordamida o'zimizni chiqarib olish uchun taxminan 45 daqiqa vaqt sarfladik.[54]

Paras og'ir pulemyot va avtomat miltiq o'qi bilan mahkamlandi. O'sha kuni ertalab soat 9 dan 10 gacha Para kompaniyasining 2 ta A va B kompaniyalari o'z hujumlarini to'xtatishdi. Ular O'rta tepalikning teskari tomoniga va Coronation Point bazasiga chekinishni boshladilar.[55] "Biz g'azablandik. Biz ularning pulemyotlariga kirish uchun shunchaki ochiq erdan o'tolmadik va besh soatlik janglardan so'ng o'q-dorilar juda muhim edi", - deya tushuntirdi mayor Jon Krosland ingliz urush muxbiri Maks Xastings bilan suhbatda.[56] Keyinchalik, kapital Devid Abolsning aytishicha, ertalabki jang paytida boshiga o'q uzgan holda etti parani o'ldirgan argentinalik mergan asosan A kompaniyasini ushlab turish uchun javobgardir.[a] Shunga qaramay, paras argentinaliklarni taslim bo'lishga chaqirdi.

Jangning ushbu pallasida A kompaniyasi ishtirok etdi qor Darvin tepaligining pastki qismida va ularga qarab tepada turgan argentinaliklarga qarshi chiziq. Podpolkovnik Jons kun yorug 'bo'lganida, muvaffaqiyatsiz zaryadni kichik bir chuqurga olib chiqdi. Uning uch kishisi, uning adyutanti kapitan Vud, kompaniyaning ikkinchi qo'mondoni kapitan Dent va kapital Xardman o'ldirilgan.[57] Ko'p o'tmay, Jons Darvin tizmasi etagidan g'arbga kichkinagacha yugurgani ko'rinib qoldi qayta abituriyent, keyin uning soqchisi. U o'zini tekshirdi Sterling avtomati, keyin tepalikdan Argentina xandagi tomon yugurdi. Uni bir marta urishgani ko'rindi, so'ng yiqilib, o'rnidan turdi va yana yon tomondan urildi. U xandaqqa bir necha metr yetmay yiqilib, orqasidan va qinidan o'q uzdi va bir necha daqiqada vafot etdi.[57][b] Jons o'limidan keyin mukofot bilan taqdirlandi Viktoriya xochi.

Jons o'layotganda, uning odamlari shoshilinch ravishda qurbonlarni evakuatsiya qilish uchun radioga murojaat qilishdi. Biroq, inglizlar Skaut Jonsni evakuatsiya qilish uchun yuborilgan vertolyot argentinalik tomonidan urib tushirilgan FMA IA 58 Pucara quruqlikdan hujum qiluvchi samolyotlar. Uchuvchi, leytenant Richard Nunn RM o'ldirilgan va o'limidan keyin DFC ni qabul qilgan; va ekipaj ekipaji, serjant Bill Belcher RM ikki oyog'idan qattiq jarohat olgan.[57]

Podpolkovnik Jonsning o'limi, Britaniya gazetasiga intervyu bergan Argentina armiyasining qo'mondoni, kapital Osvaldo Faustino Olmos deb nomlangan snayper bilan bog'liq. Daily Express 1996 yilda.[58] 25-RIlik Olmos o'zinikidan ketishni rad etgan tulki va uning bo'limi Jonsga va u oldinga siljiganida unga hamroh bo'lgan beshta desantchiga qarata o'q uzdi.[c] Biroq, tarixchi Xyu Bicheno Jonsning o'limini 12-polkning razvedka vzvodi koptalasi Xose Luis Rios bilan bog'ladi.[59] Keyinchalik Rios Abol tomonidan o'z xandaqida pulemyotni boshqarishda o'limga yaralandi va u 66-ni otib tashladi mm raketa.

Jonsning vafoti bilan buyruq mayor Kris Kiblga o'tdi. Ushbu dastlabki hujum muvaffaqiyatsiz tugagandan va Jonsning o'limidan so'ng, Keblga hujumni qayta tashkil etish va qayta boshlash uchun ikki soat kerak bo'ldi.[55]

Darvin tepaligi

Darvin tepaligidagi argentinalik himoya pozitsiyalarining qoldiqlari

Jons vafot etganida, bu soat 10:30 va mayor edi Dair Farrar-Xokli Kompaniya oldinga siljish uchun uchinchi urinishni amalga oshirdi, ammo bu amalga oshdi. Oxir oqibat, ingliz kompaniyasi Darvin Ridge yonbag'rida ko'tarilayotganda ertalabki tuman to'sqinlik qilib, RI 25's C Company kompaniyasidan 1-vzvoddan omon qolganlarning olovi bilan jarlikka qaytib ketishdi. Ertalabki jang paytida Paraning 2 minomyotchi ekipaji dushmanni ushlab turish uchun 1000 ta o'q otdi va argentinaliklarning olovini to'g'ri nishonga olishining oldini oldi. Jang paytida argentinaliklarning ko'pgina o'limlari minomyotlardan otish oqibatida kelib chiqqan.[d][60]

Argentina havo kuchlaridan past darajadagi zarbani kutish Skyhawk Darvin Ridge himoyachilarini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun bombardimonchi samolyotlar, serjant-mayor Xuan Koelyo uchuvchilarga rahbarlik qilish uchun xandaklar oldida oq choyshablarni yoydi va bu jarayonda og'ir jarohat oldi. Argentinaning beshta Skyhawks parvozi o'rniga ingliz kasalxonasi Uganda kasalxonasiga duch keldi va voqea haqida xabar berish uchun qimmatli vaqtni yo'qotdi va o'z vazifalarini davom ettirishdan oldin qayiqni tekshirish uchun qaytib keldi. Skyhawk uchuvchilari juda ko'p yoqilg'ini yo'qotib, yomon ob-havo sharoitida uchib, yomon bajarilmagan bomba portlashni amalga oshirdilar, ular bomba chiqarayotganda argentinalik pozitsiyalarni o'qqa tutdilar va etakchi samolyotga zarar etkazgan argentinalik zenit otashinida qatnashdilar.[61][62]

Inglizlarning avansi qayta tiklanishidan deyarli peshin bo'lgan edi. Tez orada bir kompaniya Argentina pozitsiyasining sharqiy uchini tozalab, oldinga yo'l ochdi. Darvin tepaliklari uchun ikkita jang bo'lgan - Darvin tepaligining atrofida (Qora kuchli nuqta) Darvin ko'rfaziga qarab, va Boka tepaligi oldida (Oq kuchli nuqta), shuningdek Boca House xarobalari deb nomlanuvchi. Sub-leytenant Gilyermo Rikardo Aliaga RI 8 ning C kompaniyasining 3-ta vzvodi Boka tepaligiga ega edi. Boka Xillning pozitsiyasi mahalliy vaqt bilan soat 13.47 da qabul qilinganligi haqida xabar berilgan edi.[63] Maykl Jon Kroslendning B kompaniyasi tomonidan olib borilgan og'ir janglardan so'ng MILAN tankga qarshi vzvod. Jangda podpolkovniklar Aliaga va Peluffo og'ir jarohat olishdi. Krosland eng tajribali ingliz zobiti edi; va kun voqealari rivojlanib borar ekan, keyinchalik Kroslendning salqin va xotirjam rahbariyati oldingi chiziqning Boka Xaus qismini aylantirgani aytildi.

Boka Xaus pozitsiyasiga so'nggi hujum paytida A kompaniyasi Darvin tepaligidagi argentinalik himoyachilarni engib chiqdi va nihoyat mahalliy vaqt bilan 13:13 da Qora kuchli nuqtani qo'lga kiritgani haqida xabar berdi,[64] olti soatga yaqin qarshilik ko'rsatgan himoyachilar bilan,[e][65] ko'plab argentinalik va inglizcha talofatlar bilan. Mayorlar Farrar-Xokli va Kroslendlar har biri o'zlarining sa'y-harakatlari uchun Harbiy Xochda g'olib bo'lishdi. Kapital Devid Abols a "Hurmatli xulq-atvor" medali Darvin tepasidagi jangni aylantirgan jasur ayblari uchun.

Jangdan qaytib kelgan FMA Pucara Gus Grin va Stenli o'rtasida balandlikda soat 10:00 atrofida qulab tushdi. Uning uchuvchisi leytenant Gimenez o'ldirilgan. Jangdagi shikastlanish yoki parvoz halokati sabablari ma'lum emas. Bu urushda yo'qotilgan 58-argentinalik samolyot edi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Aerodromga hujum

Argentina kuchlari tomonidan aerodromda joylashtirilgan ikkita qurolga o'xshash 35 mm Oerlikon

Darvin tizmasidagi g'alabadan so'ng, C va D kompaniyalari kichik aerodromga, shuningdek aerodromdan sharqda joylashgan Darvin maktabiga, B kompaniyasi esa G'oz Yashil aholi punktidan janubga yo'l oldilar. Darvin tepaligida bir kompaniya qoldi. C kompaniyasi 35dan kuchli to'g'ridan-to'g'ri otishma nishoniga aylanganda katta yo'qotishlarni oldi 20 foiz yo'qotishlarga olib kelgan mm zenit qurollari.[66] Kompaniya shtab-kvartirasida signal beruvchi oddiy askar Mark Xolman-Smit jarohat olgan oddiy askar Stiv Rasseldan og'ir pulemyotni olishga harakat qilayotganda zenit qurollari tomonidan o'ldirilgan.[67]

Leytenant Dario Del Valle Valazza boshchiligidagi Argentina havo kuchlariga qarshi zenitchilar va podpolkovnik Karlos Oslvaldo Aldao boshchiligidagi RI 12 vzvodi soat 14:25 da Boca Xilldan boshlangan yangilangan avansni to'xtatishga urinishdi.[68][to'liq bo'lmagan qisqa ma'lumot ] ammo qolgan beshtasini ham o'z ichiga olgan lavozimidan voz kechishga majbur bo'ldilar Kondor aerodromida mm Rheinmetall qurollari, ikkita qo'l va an yo'qolganligi haqida xabar berishdi Elta radar Grupo 1 de Artillería Antiaérea de la Fuerza Aérea Argentina (G1AA) ning uchta himoyachisi o'ldirilgan MILAN raketalari yoki minomyotli otishmalar (G1AA dan Mario Rayan Luna, Luis Gilyermo Sevilya va Ektor Valter Agirre)[69][to'liq bo'lmagan qisqa ma'lumot ] va oddiy askarlar Roque Evaristo Sanches va Avelino Nestor Aldaoning vzvodidan Oskar Pegoraro) va bir nechta yaradorlar, shu jumladan leytenant Valazza. RI 12 vzvodining katta qismi bosib o'tdi va taslim bo'lishga majbur bo'ldi, ammo Aldao, bir kapalal bilan birga qochishga muvaffaq bo'ldi[68][70][to'liq bo'lmagan qisqa ma'lumot ] o'sha kuni tushdan keyin sodir bo'lgan Argentina havo hujumlarining chalkashliklarida.

Leytenant Jeyms Barrining 12-sonli vzvodi, D kompaniyasi, aerodromda ba'zi zo'ravonlik harakatlarini ko'rdi. Ular podpolkovnik tomonidan pistirmaga olingan Xuan Xose Gomes-Senturion 25-polkning S kompaniyasining 2-Romeo miltiq vzvodi.[17] Shunga qaramay, oddiy askar Jordi Nayt oldinga sudralgan ikki hujumchini (oddiy askarlar Xose Luis Allende va Rikardo Andres Ostin) otib o'ldirdi,[71] keyin voqealar haqida mayor Neamga xabar berdi.[f] 12-sonli vzvoddan oddiy askar Grem Karter aerodrom harakatini quyidagicha tavsiflaydi:

Birinchi o'q otish paytida janob Barri juda qattiq urilib, tikanli sim bilan o'ralgan. Keyin ular uni maqsadli amaliyot sifatida ishlatishdi. Xuddi shu vaziyatda [kapalel] Pol Sallivan mening orqamdan tizzamga, keyin esa yana bir necha bor boshimga urildi. Men haqiqatan ham omadli edim, chunki yana ikki kishi bilan meni er ostidagi kichkina kepçe himoya qildi. Boshqa o'qotar Brummi [Xususiy Brummi Mountford] birinchi o'q otishidan so'ng to'g'ridan-to'g'ri zarbaga uchradi. GPMG, bu uning yelkasiga va orqasiga tegdi, shuning uchun u juda yomon ahvolda edi. Smudge [Lance-капрейтор Nayjel Smit], bizning 2-bo'limimiz, 66-raqamni otib tashladi Bizni tashvishga solayotgan xandaklar ichiga mm, lekin u biron bir tarzda zarar ko'rgan bo'lishi kerak, chunki hamma narsa o'chib ketdi va uning yuzi va ko'kragiga qattiq shikast etkazdi. U atigi bir necha metr narida bo'lganida, men unga birinchi tibbiy yordamni ko'rsatish uchun uchib o'tdim, lekin harakat qilayotganimda dubulg'amda o'q bor edi va u uning bir qismini olib qo'ydi. Men u erga yana borishga urinib ko'rmoqchi edim.[72]

Xodim Jon Grexem, leytenant Kris Vaddingtonning 11-sonli vzvodidan, leytenant Barri va kapital Sallivan mahalliy sulh paytida argentinalikning taslim bo'lishini qabul qilish uchun oldinga borganini va himoyachilar to'satdan ogohlantirmasdan o't ochib, Barrini o'ldirganini va Sallivanni yaralaganini aytdi. bitta argentinalik Sallivanga sudralib kelib, uni bo'sh nuqtada otib tashladi:

Men oq bayroq voqeasini ko'rdim; Men 11 ta vzvodda edim. Biz tepalikka ko'tarilayotgandik, bayroq ko'tarildi. Zobit [Barri] serjantni chaqirdi va keyin tepalikning yarmiga ko'tarildi. Portlash! Ular ularga kirib ketishdi, ularni o'ldirdilar. Bitta yigit [kapalel Pol Sallivan] tizzasiga urildi va yaramaslardan biri oldinga chiqib, uning boshiga o'q uzdi. U o'z pozitsiyasidan oldinga siljib, uni otib tashladi.[73]

Xususiy Karter tirik qolganlarni 12-sonli vzvodda to'plab, ularni aerodromga olib borish uchun süngü nuqtasida oldinga olib borib, harbiy medalni qo'lga kiritdi.[17][g] Vzvod serjanti bundan oldin dushmanning Romeo vzvodini belbog'li pulemyot bilan zaryad qilib, ulardan to'rttasini o'ldirgan edi.

Sub-leytenant Gomes-Centurionning so'zlariga ko'ra:

Men shimol tomonga o'ttiz olti kishi bilan yo'l oldim. Maktabdan o'tib, biz tepalikni ko'rgan depressiyaga kirdik. Men oldinda skautlar partiyasini yubordim, ular menga inglizlar past tizmaning narigi tarafidan, bir yuz ellik kishi oldinga siljishayotganini aytishdi. Mening odamlarim juda keskin edi; shafqatsiz sovuq bor edi; biz sovuqdan, qo'rquvdan titrab qoldik. Ular taxminan ellik metr masofada bo'lganida, biz o't ochdik. Kamida qirq daqiqa o'q uzdik. Ular bizning qanotimizga hujum qila boshladilar, mening askarlarim panoh berishga majbur bo'ldilar, otishma pasayib ketdi va vaziyat o'ta og'irlasha boshladi. Keyin bizni o'rab olishdi, yaraladik, odamlar o'zlarini nazorat qila olmaydilar. Men qurbonlar, har safar ko'proq qurbonlar haqida so'ray boshladim. Orqaga chiqishning iloji yo'q edi, chunki bizni yonboshlab, deyarli o'rab olishdi. Shunday qilib, otishmada pauza bo'lganida, men to'xtash vaqti keldi, deb qaror qildim va bo'shash haqida buyruq berdim.[53]

The RI 25 platoon defending the airfield fell back into the Darwin-Goose Green track and was able to escape. Serjant Sergio Ismael Garcia of RI 25 single-handedly covered the withdrawal of his platoon during the British counterattack. U o'limidan keyin mukofot bilan taqdirlandi Argentinalik millat jangovar medalda. Under orders from Major Carlos Alberto Frontera (second in command of RI 12), Sub-Lieutenant César Álvarez Berro's RI 12 platoon took up new positions and helped cover the retreat of Gómez-Centurión's platoon along the Darwin-Goose Green track.[70]

Four Paras of D Company and approximately a dozen Argentines were killed in these engagements. Among the British dead were 29-year-old Lieutenant Barry and two NCOs, Lance-Corporal Smith and Corporal Sullivan, who were killed after Barry's attempt to convince Sub-Lieutenant Gómez-Centurión to surrender was rebuffed.[17][h][74][75] C Company did not lose a single man in the Darwin School fighting, but Private Steve Dixon, from D Company, died when a splinter from a 35 mm anti-aircraft shell struck him in the chest.[76] The Argentine 35 mm anti-aircraft guns under the command of Sub-Lieutenant Claudio Oscar Braghini reduced the schoolhouse to rubble after sergeants Mario Abel Tarditti va Roberto Amado Fernandez reported to him that sniper fire was coming from there.[77][78]

At around this time, three British Harrierlar attacked the Argentine 35 mm gun positions; the army radar-guided guns were unable to respond effectively because a piece of mortar shrapnel had earlier struck the generator for the firearms and fire-control radar. This attack considerably lifted morale among the British paras. Although it was not known at the time, the Harriers came close to being shot down in their bomb run after being misidentified as enemy aircraft by Lieutenant-Commander Nigel Ward and Flight Lieutenant Ian Mortimer of 801 Squadron.[men] According to Lieutenant Braghini's report,[79] and at least one British account,[80] the Harrier strike missed their intended target; but the Argentine antiaircraft guns were already out of action anyway.

Meanwhile, the RI 12 platoon—under Sub-Lieutenant Orlando Lucero, a platoon that Lieutenant-Colonel Piaggi and Major Frontera had organised, using survivors from the earlier fighting—took up positions on Goose Green's outskirts and continued to resist, while supporting air force Pucara and navy Aermakchi aircraft struck the forward British companies. The Argentine pilots did not have much effect, suffering two losses: at 5:00, when a Macchi 339A (KANA 1 squadron) was shot down by a Blowpipe missile from the Qirol dengiz piyodalari ' air defence troop, killing Sub-Lieutenant Daniel Miguel.

Just about 10 minutes later, another Pucara was shot down by small arms fire from 2 Para, drenching several paratroopers with fuel and napalm, which did not ignite.[81] Lieutenant Miguel Cruzado survived and was captured by British forces on the ground.

Situation at last light on 28 May

By last light, the situation for 2 Para was critical. A Company was still on Darwin Hill, north of the gorse hedge; B Company had penetrated much further south and had swung in a wide arc from the western shore of the isthmus eastwards towards Goose Green. They were isolated and under fire from an Argentinian platoon and unable to receive mutual support from the other companies.[82] To worsen their predicament, Argentine helicopters—a Puma, a Chinook and six Hueys—landed southwest of their position, just after last light, bringing in the remaining Company B of RI 12 (Combat Team Solari) from Mount Kent.[83]

B Company managed to bring in artillery fire on these new enemy reinforcements, forcing them to disperse towards the Goose Green settlement, while some re-embarked and left with the departing helicopters.[84] For C Company, the attack had also fizzled out after the battle at the school-house, with the company commander injured, the second-in-command unaccounted for, no radio contact, and the platoons scattered with up to 1,200 metres between them.[85] D Company had regrouped just before last light, and they were deployed to the west of the dairy—exhausted, hungry, low on ammunition, and without water.[86] Food was redistributed, for A and C Companies to share one ration-pack between two men; but B and D Companies could not be reached. At this time, a British helicopter casualty evacuation flight took place, successfully extracting C Company casualties from the forward slope of Darwin Hill, while under fire from Argentine positions.[87]

To Keeble, the situation looked precarious: the settlements had been surrounded but not captured, and his companies were exhausted, cold, and low on water, food, and ammunition. His concern was that the Argentine Company B's reinforcements, dropped by helicopter, would either be used in an early morning counter-attack or used to stiffen the defences around Goose Green. He had seen the C Company assault stopped in its tracks by the anti-aircraft fire from Goose Green, and had seen the Harrier strikes of earlier that afternoon missing their intended targets. In an order group with the A and C Company commanders, he indicated his preference for calling for an Argentine surrender, rather than facing an ongoing battle the following morning. His alternative plan, if the Argentines did not surrender, was to "flatten Goose Green" with all available fire-power and then launch an assault with all forces possible, including reinforcements he had requested from Thompson. On Thompson's orders, J Company of 42 Commando, Royal Marines, the remaining guns of 8 Battery, and additional mortars were helicoptered in to provide the necessary support.[88]

Taslim bo'lish

Once Thompson and 3 Brigade had agreed to the approach, a message was relayed by CB radiosi from San Carlos to Mr. Eric Goss, the farm manager in Goose Green—who, in turn, delivered it to Piaggi. The call explained the details of a planned delegation who would go forward from the British lines, bearing a message, to the Argentine positions in Goose Green. Piaggi agreed to receive the delegation.[89] Soon after midnight, two Argentine Air Force warrant-officer harbiy asirlar (PW) were sent to meet with Piaggi and to hand over the proposed terms of surrender:

  1. That you unconditionally surrender your force to us by leaving the township, forming up aggressively, removing your helmets, and laying down your weapons. You will give prior notice of this intention by returning the PW under a white flag with him briefed as to the formalities by no later than 0830 hrs local time.
  2. You refuse in the first case to surrender and take the inevitable consequences. You will give prior notice of this intention by returning the PW without his flag (although his neutrality will be respected) no later than 0830 hrs local time.
  3. In the event and by the terms and conditions of the Jeneva konvensiyasi va Urush qonunlari, you will be held responsible for the fate of any civilians in Darwin and Goose Green, and we by these terms do give notice of our intention to bombard Darwin and Goose Green.

On receiving the terms, Piaggi concluded:

The battle had turned into a sniping contest. They could sit well out of range of our soldiers' fire and, if they wanted to, raze the settlement. I knew that there was no longer any chance of reinforcements from the 6th Regiment's B Company (Compañía B 'Piribebuy'). So I suggested to Wing Commander [Vice Commodore] Wilson Pedrozo that he talk to the British. He agreed reluctantly.[90]

Taking advantage of the local ceasefire, Second Lieutenant Juan Gómez Centurión—at the head of two air force stretcher-bearers, Privates David Alejandro Díaz and Reynaldo Dardo Romacho and an accompanying air force medical officer, Lieutenant Carlos Beranek—found and rescued Corporal Juan Fernández who had been severely wounded and left behind British lines.[91][to'liq bo'lmagan qisqa ma'lumot ] The next morning, agreement for an unconditional surrender was reached. Pedrozo held a short parade, and those on show then laid down their weapons. After burning the regimental flag, Piaggi led the troops and officers, carrying their personal belongings, into captivity.[92]

Natijada

Prisoners and casualties

Initial burial place of British casualties at Ajax Bay

Between 45[93][94] and 55 Argentines were killed[95] (32 from RI 12, 13 from Company C RI 25, five killed in the platoon from RI R8, 4 Air Force staff, and one Navy service member),[96] and about 86 wounded.[95]

The British lost 18 killed (16 Paras, one Royal Marine pilot, and one commando sapper)[3] and 64 wounded. The seriously injured were evacuated to the hospital ship SSUganda.[97]

(Contrary to the claim in various British books that the Argentine 8th Regiment lost five killed defending Boca House, other sources indicate that Corporal Juan Waudrik was mortally wounded in late May after the tractor he was riding detonated a mine at Fox Bay;[98] likewise, Privates Simón Oscar Antieco, Jorge Daniel Ludueña, Sergio Fabián Nosikoski and Eduardo Sosa—the four conscripts reportedly killed fighting alongside Waudrik—were killed in the same locality on West Falkland during a naval bombardment on 9 May. In all, RI 8 lost 5 killed during the Falklands War.[iqtibos kerak ])

The remainder of the Argentine force was taken prisoner, and 140[99][100] wounded were evacuated to hospital ships via the medical post in San Carlos. Argentine dead were buried in a cemetery to the north of Darwin; military chaplain Mora and sub-lieutenants Bracco and Gómez-Centurión assisted burying the dead. Prisoners were used to clear the battlefield. In an incident while moving artillery ammunition, the RI 12 C Company platoon (under Sub-Lieutenant Leonardo Durán) was engulfed in a massive explosion that left 5 dead or missing and 10 seriously wounded.[3][101] After clearing the area, the prisoners were marched to, and interned in, San Carlos.[102]

By 3 June, the Gurkhas were deployed at Darwin and Goose Green. They were used in helicopter-borne operations to find Argentine patrols operating on the southern flank of the British advance to Port Stanley. This resulted in an encounter with a 10-man army–air force patrol (under Lieutenant Jaime Enrique Ugarte from the Argentine Air Force's 1st Anti-Aircraft Group, and Sergeant Roberto Daniel Berdugo from the 12th Regiment) that had been helicoptered to Egg Harbour House, an abandoned farmhouse in Lafonia, to shoot down British aircraft with SA-7 shoulder-launched missiles. On 7 June, a Sea King arrived with 20 Gurkhas to clear this outpost. On being ordered to lie down to be searched by the Gurkhas, all the wet and hungry Argentine soldiers, including Sergeant Berdugo, did so, except the air force officer. A Gurkha rifleman, brandishing a 10" Kukri blade, threatened the air force officer with beheading, then Lieutenant Ugarte obeyed.

Qo'mondonlar

Lieutenant-Colonel Ítalo Ángel Piaggi surrendered his forces in Goose Green on the Argentinian National Army Day (29 May). After the war, he was forced to resign from the army, and faced ongoing trials questioning his competence at Goose Green. In 1986, he wrote a book titled Ganso Verde, in which he strongly defended his decisions during the war and criticised the lack of logistical support from Stenli. In his book, he said that Task Force Mercedes had plenty of 7.62 mm rifle ammunition left, but had run out of 81 mm mortar rounds; and there were only 394 shells left for the 105 mm artillery guns.[103] On 24 February 1992, after a long fight in both civil and military courts, Piaggi had his retired military rank and pay reinstated, as a full colonel.[104] U 2012 yil iyul oyida vafot etdi.[105]

Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert 'H' Jones was buried at Ajax Bay on 30 May; after the war, his body was exhumed and transferred to the Britaniya qabristoni in San Carlos.[106] U o'limidan keyin mukofot bilan taqdirlandi Viktoriya xochi.[107]

Major Chris Keeble, who took over command of 2 Para when Jones was killed, was awarded the DSO for his actions at Goose Green.[108] Keeble's leadership was one of the key factors that led to the British victory, in that his flexible style of command and the autonomy he afforded to his company commanders were much more successful than the rigid control, and adherence to plan, exercised by Jones.[109] Despite sentiment among the soldiers of 2 Para for him to remain in command, he was superseded by Lieutenant-Colonel David Robert Chaundler, who was flown in from the UK to take command of the battalion.[110]

BBC incident

During the planning of the assault of both Darwin and Goose Green, the battalion headquarters were listening in to the BBC Jahon xizmati, when the newsreader announced that the 2nd Battalion of the Parachute Regiment was poised and ready to assault Darwin and Goose Green. This caused great trepidation among the commanding officers of the battalion, with fears that the operation was compromised. Jones became furious with the level of incompetence and told BBC representative Robert Fox he was going to sue the BBC, Whitehall, and the War Cabinet.[111]

Field punishments

Asosiy maqola: Argentine military trials of 2009

In the years after the battle, Argentine army officers and NCOs were accused of handing out brutal dala jazosi to their troops at Goose Green, and other locations, during the war.[112] In 2009, Argentine authorities in Komodoro Rivadaviya ratified a decision made by authorities in Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego, announcing their intention to charge 70 officers and NCOs with inhumane treatment of chaqiriluvchi askarlar urush paytida.[113]

There was, however, false testimony that was used as evidence in accusing the Argentine officers and NCOs of abandonment; va Pablo Vassel, who had denounced the alleged perpetrators, had to step down from his post as head of the human rights sub-secretariat of Korrientes viloyati.[114] Other veterans were sceptical about the veracity of the accusations, with Colonel José Martiniano Duarte, an ex–601 Komando kompaniyasi officer and decorated veteran of the Falklands War, saying that it had become "fashionable" for ex-conscripts to accuse their superiors of abandonment.[115] Since the 2009 announcement was made, no one in the military, or among the retired officers and NCOs, has been charged, causing Vassel to comment in April 2014:

For over two years we've been waiting for a final say on behalf of the courts ... There are some types of crimes that no state should allow to go unpunished, no matter how much time has passed, such as the crimes of the dictatorship. Last year Germany sentenced a 98-year-old corporal for his role in the concentration camps in one of the Eastern European countries occupied by Nazi Germany. It didn't take into account his age or rank."[116]

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

  1. ^ "This sniper fire was responsible for the deaths of at least seven paratroopers, according to Abols – 'all headshots. That is the main reason A Company was stuck'. He says the sniper was firing from about 500 metres behind the Darwin Hill position." (Not Mentioned in Despatches: The History and Mythology of the Battle of Goose Green (James Clarke & Co., 2006.) p. 79.)
  2. ^ According to Dan Snow and Peter Snow, "The Argentine corporal in that trench, Osvaldo Olmos, remembers seeing Jones charge past him alone, leaving his followers in the gully below. Olmos said he was astonished at Jones's reckless bravery: his shots, fired from behind, may have been the ones that brought Jones down." (20-asr jang maydonlari (Random House, 2012) p. 282.)
  3. ^ "Without telling anyone or looking back, he ran up the gully that Corporal Adams had attacked when A Company was first fired upon, past the seriously wounded Private Tuffen. Sergeant Barry Norman, his close escort, was the first to move, followed by Lance Corporal Beresford, who was part of his escort and had been Jones's driver, Major Rice, and two signallers. Jones advanced up a small re-entrant toward a trench, which Corporal Osvaldo Olmos, from Estevez's platoon, later claimed was held by his group." Van Der Bijl, Victory in the Falklands, 108-109 betlar
  4. ^ "Nevertheless, the section's two mortar crews had fired over 1,000 bombs in the two hours of the A Company action, the mortars themselves sinking further and further into the soft peat until eventually, only their muzzles were visible." Xarklerod, p. 329.
  5. ^ "After nearly six hours, the battle for Darwin Hill was over, but not without grievous loss: the commanding officer, the Adjutant, A Company Second-in-Command and nine non-commissioned officers and soldiers were killed and several wounded." No Picnic: 3 Commando Brigade in the South Atlantic, 1982, Julian Thompson, pp. 79–80, Casemate Publishers, 1992
  6. ^ According to historian Mark Adkin, both Lance-Corporal Nigel Smith and Corporal Paul Sullivan were killed fighting: "Lance Corporal Smith aimed his 66mm rocket, but as he did so he was shot at the moment of firing. The rocket exploded in a flash of flame on his back; he died instantly. In the general confusion, Corporal Sullivan was also hit and killed." Mark Adkin, p. 326, Goose Green: A Battle Is Fought to Be Won, Leo Cooper 1992
  7. ^ "He [Private Graham Carter] had been involved in a savage ambush which, as the Paras regained their initiative and fought back, turned into a vicious gun battle. His platoon commander had been killed, and his section effectively put out of action, with section commander killed and 2 ic [second in command] seriously wounded. Despite being the most inexperienced man in the platoon, Private Carter had fought off the enemy, attended to the wounded, then got control of the section and called up the rest of the platoon to make a counterattack – all under continuous fire." The Scars of War, Hugh McManners, p. 126, HarperCollins, 1993
  8. ^ "The newspapers inevitably made much of this scrap; however, both sides agreed that this was a tragic misunderstanding. The Argentines later claimed that when Barry offered second Lieutenant Centurion terms, he replied, 'Son of a bitch! You have got two minutes to return to your lines before I open fire. Get out! '" Van Der Bijl, Victory in the Falklands, p. 113
  9. ^ ."I had convinced myself that the three were enemy aircraft. But I also knew that Morts, more than anybody, should be able to recognise a GR 3 even from this height and range. I called the control ship, HMS Minerva. 'Do you have any friendlies in the area at a low level?' If there were any, Minerva would know about it. 'Negative. No friendlies in the Sound.' Just at that moment of distraction, I lost sight of the three swept-wing shapes below. They disappeared into the multi-colored background of the water. 'I've lost the fucking things, Morts. do you hold them?' 'Negative. But I'm sure they were GR 3s.' I was mad as a hatter and wasn't thinking straight. I was tired, and 'missing' the enemy jets seemed to drain me of all energy. If I hadn't been so tired, I might have considered the line 'better safe than sorry,' but I was in no mood for that when I landed on board. The debrief was short and to the point: 'GR 3s, my arse! '" Folklend orqali dengiz xarrieri, Nigel Ward, p. 227, Pen and Sword, 1993

Izohlar

  1. ^ Adkin, Mark (2003). Goose Green – A battle is Fought to be Won. London: Kassel. p. 23. ISBN  0304354961.
  2. ^ The pity of war: what a paratrooper’s tale can teach us about humanity
  3. ^ a b v Van Der Bijl (1999) p. 140
  4. ^ Dale, Iain (2002). Memories of the Falklands. London: Politico. p. 73. ISBN  9781842750186.
  5. ^ "The Argentines lost 45 men killed, 90 wounded and 961 captured." The Falklands 1982: Ground Operations in the South Atlantic, Gregory Fremont-Barnes, p. 43, Osprey Publishing, 2012
  6. ^ "El total de heridos fue 98 (4 oficiales, 22 suboficiales y 72 soldados)." Malvinas: otras historias, Rubén Oscar Palazzi, p. 202, Claridad, 2006
  7. ^ "A total of 961 prisoners were accounted for including 81 held at Camilla Creek House." The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: War and Diplomacy, Volume 2, Lawrence Freedman, p. 493, Psychology Press, 2005
  8. ^ "Falkland Islands – Stanley's Sunrise and Sunset on 27 May 1982". TimeZoneGuide. Olingan 30 yanvar 2015.
  9. ^ Leone, Vincent R. Major USMC. "The Falkland Islands War: Winning With Infantry". Globalsecurity.org. Olingan 30 yanvar 2015.
  10. ^ Fitz-Gibbon (2002) p. 5
  11. ^ Moore, Darren Maj. "Rear Admiral Woodward: Political Influences during the Falklands War" (PDF). Australian Defence Force Journal: Issue 165, 2004. Avstraliya mudofaa kuchlari.
  12. ^ Middlebrook, Martin (1985). Operation Corporate: The Falklands War, 1982 (1-nashr). London: Viking: Penguin Books Ltd. p. 249. ISBN  0670802239.
  13. ^ a b Thompson, Julian (2008). Piknik yo'q: Folklenddagi 3 ta komando brigadasi. Qalam va qilich harbiy. p. 200. ISBN  978-1844158799.
  14. ^ Xastings, Maks; Jenkins, Simon (1983). Folklendlar uchun jang. Nyu-York: W.W. Norton & Company. 264-265 betlar. ISBN  9780393017618.
  15. ^ Freedman, Lawrence Sir (2005). Folklend kampaniyasining rasmiy tarixi, 2-jild: urush va diplomatiya. Oksford: Routledge. p. 477. ISBN  978-0714652078.
  16. ^ a b v van der Bijl, Nicholas (1999). Stenliga to'qqizta jang. Barsli: Qalam va qilich. p. 116. ISBN  9780850526196.
  17. ^ a b v d e f g Blood and Mud at Goose Green Arxivlandi 4 oktyabr 2018 da Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. David Aldea & Don Darnell, EBSCO Host Connection.
  18. ^ Andrada, pp. 86–90
  19. ^ Fitz-Gibbon (2002) pp. 4–5
  20. ^ Van der Bijl (1999) p. 117
  21. ^ The men of Co. C/RI 25 fought with courage, perseverance, and effectiveness at San Carlos and Goose Green, having received a good deal of special forces training under the energetic command of LtCol. Seineldín. The Military Sniper Since 1914, Martin Pegler, p. 63, Osprey Publishing, 2001
  22. ^ a b v Boyce (2005) p. 129
  23. ^ Argentine Fight for the Falklands, Martin Middlebrook, p.64, Pen & Sword, 2003
  24. ^ Nine battles to Stanley, Nicholas Van der Bijl, p.13, Leo Cooper, 30 September 1999
  25. ^ Guerra de Malvinas Regimiento de Infanteria 12[doimiy o'lik havola ]
  26. ^ Fitz-Gibbon (2002) p. 6
  27. ^ Partes de Guerra, Graciela Speranza, Fernando Cittadinil, p. ?, Numa Ediciones, 2000
  28. ^ "The logistic chain from Stanley had failed and on 10 May Piaggi gave the companies permission to butcher sheep, which were in abundance. On 19 May morale had been raised when a C-130 flying from the mainland parachuted in eight tons of canned food." Stenliga to'qqizta jang, Nik Van Der Bijl, p. 129, Pen & Sword, 2014
  29. ^ Middlebrook (1985) p. 252
  30. ^ , Freedman (2005) p. 481
  31. ^ Fitz-Gibbon (2002) p. 8
  32. ^ Boyce, D. George (2005). Folklend urushi (1-nashr). Hampshire: Macmillan. p. 128. ISBN  9780333753958.
  33. ^ Fitz-Gibbon (2002) Appendix 2, pp190-194
  34. ^ Middlebrook (1985) p. 254
  35. ^ Fitz-Gibbon (2002) p. 23
  36. ^ Fitz-Gibbon (2002) p. 25
  37. ^ "Arxivlangan nusxa". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2013 yil 5-iyunda. Olingan 26 aprel 2013.CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola)
  38. ^ We were landed to the East of Mount Usborne carrying huge weights of ammunition just after dark on the night of 20/21 May. Memories of the Falklands, Iain Dale, p. 36 Politico's, 2002
  39. ^ Rodríguez Mottino, Héctor (1984). La Artillería Argentina en Malvinas. Ed. Clío, pp. 193–194. ISBN  950-9377-02-3. (ispan tilida)
  40. ^ ."On the late evening of 22, May four Harriers were launched from Hermes armed with CBUs, their intended targets being the POL dumps and Pucaras at Goose Green. The aircraft were subject to intensive anti-aircraft fire during this attack." RAF Strike Command, 1968–2007, Kev Darling, p. 159, Casemate Publishers, 2012
  41. ^ Comandos en Acción, Isidoro Jorge Ruiz Moreno, Emecé Editores, 1986
  42. ^ Ese 27 fue un infierno
  43. ^ "1830 hs – Se Lanza el Ataque de desarticulación Sobre el punto acotado 392 para perturber, hostigar y desconcentrar al enemigo; es una intención, por cuanto no tengo información fehaciente Sobre Su Presencia y actividad." Ganso Verde, Italo Angel Piaggi, p. 64, Sudamericana/Planeta, 1986
  44. ^ Pook, Jerri (2007). RAF Harrier Ground Attack-Falkland. Pen & Sword Books, ltd., p. 109. ISBN  978-1-84415-551-4 (inglizchada)
  45. ^ Jackson, Robert (1985). The RAF in action: from Flanders to the Falklands. Blandford Press, p. 156. ISBN  0713714190
  46. ^ Van der Bijl, Nicholas (1999). Nine battles to Stanley. Leo Cooper, p. 127. ISBN  0850526191
  47. ^ Middlebrook (1985) p. 257
  48. ^ Roberts, Jon (2009). Xalqni himoya qilish: zamonaviy qirollik floti haqida hikoya. Seaforth nashriyoti. p. 161. ISBN  978-1591148128.
  49. ^ At home on the new battlefront. An ex-British soldier is putting Pasco High on the state soccer map. By Izzy Gould. Tampa Bay Times. Published 9 February 2007
  50. ^ ."It was still dark when Estevez moved north past the dairy, up the reverse slope of Darwin Hill, over the gorseline to join Pelufo's platoon on the ridge west of the settlement. The two officers conferred. Estevez explained that his orders were to counter-attack, to advance north to assist Manresa's A Company." The Battle of Goose Green, Mark Adkin, p. 146, Pen & Sword, 2017
  51. ^ ."He was hit in the leg, arm and left eye, while crouched with his radio operator, Private Carrascul, trying to adjust supporting artillery fire. Carrascul continued to fight the battle over the radio himself until he, too, was killed. It is an interesting example of the closeness that often develops, despite the differences in rank, between an officer and his operator. The officer relies heavily on the competence of his radio operator. " The Battle of Goose Green, Mark Adkin, p. 193, Pen & Sword, 2017
  52. ^ Decreto Nacional 577/83 - Condecoraciones al personal que ha intervenido en el conflicto armado con el Reino Unido por la recuperación de las Islas Malvinas, Georgias del Sur y Sandwich del Sur
  53. ^ a b Reassessing the Fighting Performance of Conscript Soldiers
  54. ^ a b The Battle for the Falklands, Max Hastings, Simon Jenkins, p. 243, Joseph, 1983
  55. ^ a b ."These British reverses occurred between 9.00 a.m. and 10.00 a.m. It took two hours for 2 Para's second-in-command to reorganize the attack." The Falklands War, D. George Boyce, p. 131, Macmillan International Higher Education, 2005
  56. ^ The Battle for the Falklands, Max Hastings, Simon Jenkins, p. 244, Michael Joseph, 1983
  57. ^ a b v "Leytenant Richard J. Nunn, DFC". SAMA(82): Garden of Remembrance. 1996–2009. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009 yil 28 oktyabrda. Olingan 4 aprel 2020.
  58. ^ "La Muerte de un coronel británico en Malvinas. Clarín. 18 June 1996". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2014 yil 7 aprelda. Olingan 26 avgust 2012.
  59. ^ Lost in the fog of war. Robert Fox takes issue with Hugh Bicheno's history of the Falklands conflict, Razor's Edge. By Robert Fox. The Guardian Published Saturday 1 April 2006
  60. ^ "Some of [the Argentine dead] seemed to be looking at us, their dead eyes full of reproach. Few looked peaceful. Some had died trying to escape back into the foxholes they'd poured from. Many had fallen to the pinpoint shower of mortar shells that had dropped on them." Spearhead Assault, John Geddes, p. 12, Random House, 2008
  61. ^ ."They passed up the marked hospital ship Uganda and executed a turn into Darwin. Unknowingly, they made a pass over their positions, firing as they went, and were promptly repelled by their air defences. The first plane was hit but could still fly." History of the South Atlantic Conflict, Rubén Oscar Moro, p. 244, Praager, 1990
  62. ^ "1130/1150 hs – Ataque aéreo enemigo a las posiciones (Compañía A y Batería de Artillería) Desde tres direcciones, y en cuatro Oportunidades, con Bombas, ametralladoras y granadas beluga. Nuestro Fuego derriba un avión ( a confirmar )." Ganso Verde, Ítalo Ángel Piaggi, p. 94, Sudamericana/Planeta, 1986
  63. ^ "1647 Support Company had reported lots of white flags." Not Mentioned in Despatches: The History and Mythology of the Battle of Goose Green, Spencer Fitz-Gibbon, p. 197, James Clarke & Co., 2006
  64. ^ "1613 Enemy have surrendered on BLACK. Now moving to WHITE." Not Mentioned in Despatches: The History and Mythology of the Battle of Goose Green, Spencer Fitz-Gibbon, p. 197, James Clarke & Co., 2006
  65. ^ "It had taken around six hours to dislodge the Argentinians from their vital ground - which says much for their tenacity." H. Jones VC: The Life and Death of an Unusual Hero, John Wilsey, Hutchinson, 2002
  66. ^ Fitz-Gibbon, (2002), pp. 147–148.
  67. ^ Reynolds, David (2002). Taskforce: the illustrated history of the Falklands War. Satton, p. 150. ISBN  0-7509-2845-X
  68. ^ a b DEFENSA Y CAÍDA DE DARWIN-PRADERA DEL GANSO, página 12
  69. ^ BASE AÉREA MILITAR CÓNDOR
  70. ^ a b Malvinas Banda de Hermanos Regimiento de Infantería 12 (Programa 19 - Martes 19 de Julio 2016)
  71. ^ "As Godfrey made his dash for the rut, Knight shot and killed two of the enemy who was skirmishing forward, and Private Carter fired coolly and continuously into the nearest trench." The Battle of Goose Green, Mark Adkin, p. 236, Pen & Sword, 2017
  72. ^ Forgotten Voices of the Falklands, Hugh McManners, p. 265, Random House, 2008
  73. ^ The World's Elite Forces, Bruce Quarrie, p. 18, Berkley Books, 1988
  74. ^ The fight for the "Malvinas": The Argentine forces in the Falklands War. Martin Middlebrook. p. 189. Penguin, 1990
  75. ^ The History of the South Atlantic conflict: The War for the Malvinas. Rubén Oscar Moro. p. 264. Praeger, 1989
  76. ^ "Goose Green: The Argentinian Story" Arxivlandi 2013 yil 29 oktyabrda Orqaga qaytish mashinasi by David Aldea. British Small Wars website
  77. ^ "Observé por el visor y confirmé la Presencia de Los ingleses. Apunté a la base de la estructura de dos pisos y abrí el Fuego. Pedazos completos de Ella desaparecieron al Hacer Impacto Los proyectiles y se incendió luego." Malvinas: Relatos de Soldados, Martin Antonio Balza, p. 149, Circulo Militar, 1983
  78. ^ La artillería antiaérea terminó Haciendo Fuego de superficie
  79. ^ "No habíamos terminado de tomar cubierta cuando un Harrier se desprende de entre Los Cerros y suelta una bomba "beluga" Sobre el cañón; pero con tan mala puntería que la mitad del ramillete cae en el agua y el resto a unos 80 metros de la pieza". Braghini's statement, Rodríguez Mottino, p. 196
  80. ^ "Harrierlar o'ldirilgan baliqlarni olib ketayotgan ikkita missiya va klasterli bombalar, ular aholi punktidan tashqarida dengizda portlashdi". Excerpt from Geddes, John (2008) Spearhead Assault: Blood, Guts, and Glory on the Falklands Frontlines. Arrow, p. 193. ISBN  1846052475
  81. ^ ."One aircraft crashed close by, drenching several men with fuel and napalm, which happily did not ignite." "No Picnic", Julian Thompson, Qalam va qilich, 2008
  82. ^ Adkin (2003), p. 339
  83. ^ Adkin (2003), p. 340
  84. ^ Adkin (2003), p. 341
  85. ^ Adkin (2003), p. 343
  86. ^ Adkin (2003), p. 345
  87. ^ Adkin (2003), p. 346
  88. ^ Adkin (2003), p. 351
  89. ^ Adkin (2003), pp. 353–354
  90. ^ The Falklands War, D. George Boyce, p. 131, Macmillan International Higher Education, 2005
  91. ^ El arriesgado Rescate de un suboficial herido que quedó detrás de las líneas enemigas
  92. ^ Van Der Bijl (1999) pp. 139
  93. ^ "Their fatalities total 45 men ..." Amerika urushlari: G'arbiy yarim sharda qurolli to'qnashuvlar xronologiyasi, 1492 yilgacha, Volume 2, David Marley, p. 1073, ABC-CLIO, 2008
  94. ^ "The Argentines lost 45 men killed, 90 wounded and 961 captured." The Falklands 1982: Ground Operations in the South Atlantic, Gregory Fremont-Barnes, p. 43, Osprey Publishing, 2012
  95. ^ a b Boyce (2005), p. 131
  96. ^ Adkin (2003), p. 363
  97. ^ Dale (2002), pp. 73
  98. ^ "Pero la Lluvia y el Barro hizo que el tractor se desplazara Fuera de la senda e hiciera estallar una mina que le voló una pierna y dos días después, le produjo la Muerte." Malvinas: 20 Años, 20 Héroes, Armando Fernandez, p. 107, Fundación Soldados, 2002
  99. ^ "We had previously arranged for a message to be sent to Argentina requesting the Bahia Paraiso to rendezvous with our hospital ship SS Uganda in an area which we have set aside for Hospital Ships some 30 miles north of Falklands Sound. 140 wounded Argentine servicemen – who are receiving medical attention on board the UGANDA – will be transferred to the Argentine ship for an early return home." The Falklands War: The Official History, p.44, Latin American Newsletters, 1983
  100. ^ "Towards the end of May Uganda entered Falkland sound to evacuate casualties, and some days later met the Argentine Bahia Paraiso, 30 miles north of Falkland Sound were 140 casualties were transferred." Jane's Merchant Shipping Review, p. 68, A. J. Ambrose, Janes, 1983
  101. ^ Se confecciona un acta con las circunstancias y consecuencias del accidente: 2 soldados muertos, 1 oficial y 9 soldados heridos, y 3 soldados desaparecidos. Ganso Verde, Ítalo Ángel Piaggi, p. 145, Sudamericana/Planeta, 1986
  102. ^ Van Der Bijl (1999) pp. 141
  103. ^ "Italo Angel Piaggi (2001) GANSO VERDE". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 15 fevralda. Olingan 15 fevral 2015.
  104. ^ "Italo Angel Piaggi (2001) GANSO VERDE". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 14 fevralda. Olingan 14 fevral 2015.
  105. ^ "Falleció el Veterano de Guerra Ítalo Ángel Piaggi" (ispan tilida). El-Malvinense. 2012 yil 1-avgust. Olingan 29 avgust 2012.
  106. ^ Middlebrook (1985), pp. 391
  107. ^ "№ 49134". London gazetasi (Qo'shimcha). 8 oktyabr 1982. p. 12831.
  108. ^ London Gazetasi
  109. ^ Fitz-Gibbon (2002) pp. 183–184
  110. ^ Ferguson, Greg (1998). The Paras, 1940–1984. Oksford: Osprey nashriyoti. p. 43. ISBN  9780850455731.
  111. ^ The Falklands War, Paul Eddy, Magnus Linklater, p. 238, André Deutsch, 1982
  112. ^ Argentina's Falklands War Veterans. 'Cannon Fodder in a War We Couldn't Win'. By Jens Glüsing, Spiegel.de, 2007 yil 4 mart
  113. ^ Confirman el juzgamiento por torturas en Malvinas (ispan tilida), Klarin, Buenos Aires, 27 June 2009
  114. ^ Centro de Ex Soldados Combatientes en Malvinas de Corrientes Arxivlandi 2010 yil 7 aprel kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi (ispan tilida)
  115. ^ "Categorized | Feature, Human Rights The Enemy Within Investigating Torture in the Malvinas. By Marc Rogers". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2014 yil 30 oktyabrda. Olingan 1 yanvar 2011.
  116. ^ "Sigue estancada la investigación por torturas en Malvinas". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 15 fevralda. Olingan 15 fevral 2015.

Manbalar

  • Adkin, Mark (2003). Goose Green – A battle is Fought to be Won. London: Kassel. ISBN  0304354961.
  • Andrada, Benigno (1983). Guerra aérea en las Malvinas. Ed. Emecé. ISBN  950-04-0191-6. (ispan tilida)
  • Harclerode, Peter (1 May 1993). Para!: Fifty Years of the Parachute Regiment (Qayta nashr etilishi). Qurol va zirh. ISBN  1-85409-097-6.
  • Fitz-Gibbon, Spencer (1995). Not Mentioned in Dispatches: The History and Mythology of the Battle of Goose Green. Luttervort matbuoti. ISBN  0-7188-2933-6.
  • Kenney Oak, David J. 2 Para's Battle for Darwin Hill and Goose Green. Square Press April 2006. ISBN  0-9660717-1-9.
  • Midbruk, M. (1989). The Fight for the Malvinas: The Argentine Forces in the Falklands War. Viking. ISBN  0-14-010767-3.