Avraam Linkolnning dastlabki hayoti va faoliyati - Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln - Wikipedia

"Yosh Linkoln "Senn Parkdagi haykal, Chikago

Ushbu maqola qismidir haqida bir qator Avraam Linkoln
Shaxsiy Dastlabki hayot va martaba Oila Sog'liqni saqlash Siyosiy Siyosiy martaba, 1849–1861 Linkoln - Duglas bahslari Kuper ittifoqining nutqi Xayrlashish manzili Quldorlik haqidagi qarashlar Din haqidagi qarashlar Saylov tarixi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti Prezidentlik Birinchi davr 1-inauguratsiya Manzil Amerika fuqarolar urushi Ittifoq Emansipatsiya to'g'risidagi e'lon O'n foizli reja Gettysburg manzili 13-o'zgartirish Ikkinchi muddat 2-inauguratsiya Manzil Qayta qurish Prezident saylovlari 1860 Konventsiya 1864 Konventsiya Suiqasd va meros Suiqasd Janoza Tarixiy obro'-e'tibor Yodgorliklar Tasvirlar Bibliografiya Mavzu bo'yicha qo'llanma

Avraam Linkoln 1809 yil 12-fevralda, janubdagi Sinking Spring fermasidagi bitta xonali log kabinetda tug'ilgan Hodgenvil yilda Hardin okrugi, Kentukki. Uning aka-ukalari Sara Linkoln Grigbi va kichik Tomas Linkoln edi, er huquqiga oid nizo tufayli oilani 1811 yilda tark etishga majbur qilishgach, ular boshqa joyga ko'chib ketishdi. Knob Creek fermasi, shimolga sakkiz milya. 1814 yilga kelib, Tomas Linkoln, Ibrohimning otasi, erining katta qismini yo'qotgan Kentukki erga egalik huquqi bo'yicha huquqiy nizolarda. 1816 yilda Tomas va Nensi Linkoln, ularning to'qqiz yoshli qizi Sara va etti yoshli Ibrohim Indiana shtatiga ko'chib o'tdi va u erda Bo'ron shaharchasida joylashdilar, Perri okrugi, Indiana. (Ularning erlari bir qismga aylandi Spenser okrugi, Indiana, 1818 yilda tashkil topganida.)

Linkoln o'zining shakllanish yillarini, 7 yoshdan 21 yoshgacha, Janubiy Indiana shtatidagi oilaviy fermada o'tkazdi. Chegarada odatdagidek, Linkoln juda oz miqdordagi rasmiy ta'lim oldi, uning umumiy miqdori o'n ikki oydan kam bo'lgan bo'lishi mumkin. Biroq, Linkoln hayot tajribalaridan va o'qigan yoki boshqalardan eshitganlarini o'qish va o'qish orqali mustaqil ravishda o'rganishni davom ettirdi. 1818 yil oktyabrda, Indiana shtatiga kelganidan ikki yil o'tgach, to'qqiz yoshli Linkoln tug'ilgan onasi Nensini yo'qotdi, u qisqa kasallikdan so'ng vafot etdi sut kasalligi. Tomas Linkoln keyingi yilning oxirida Kentukki shtatining Elizabettaun shahriga qaytib keldi va turmushga chiqdi Sara Bush Jonson 1819 yil 2-dekabrda. Linkolnning yangi o'gay onasi va uning uch farzandi 1819 yil oxirida Indiana shtatidagi Linkoln oilasiga qo'shilishdi. Ikkinchi fojia 1828 yil yanvar oyida, Ibrohimning singlisi Sara Linkoln Grigsbi tug'ruq paytida vafot etganida, oilada sodir bo'ldi.

1830 yil mart oyida 21 yoshli Linkoln Illinoysga ko'chib o'tishda o'zining katta oilasiga qo'shildi. Otasiga fermer xo'jaligini tashkil etishga yordam berganidan keyin Makon okrugi, Illinoys, Linkoln 1831 yil bahorida o'z-o'zidan yo'lga chiqdi. Linkoln Yangi Salem qishlog'iga joylashdi, u erda qayiqchi, do'kon xodimi, surveyer, militsiya askari bo'lib ishlagan. Black Hawk urushi va Illinoysda advokat bo'ldi. U saylangan Illinoys qonun chiqaruvchisi 1834 yilda va 1836, 1838, 1840 va 1844 yillarda qayta saylangan. 1842 yil noyabrda Linkoln uylandi Meri Todd; er-xotinning to'rt o'g'li bor edi. Advokatlik faoliyati bilan bir qatorda Linkoln siyosat bilan shug'ullanishni davom ettirdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Vakillar palatasi 1846 yilda Illinoys shtatidan. 1860 yil 6-noyabrda AQSh prezidenti etib saylandi.

Ajdodlar

Sara Linkoln, Linkolnning o'gay onasi, vafotidan keyin Nensi Linkoln

Tomas Linkoln, Ibrohim Linkolnning otasi

Amerikada Linkolnning taniqli birinchi ajdodi edi Samuel Linkoln, Xingemdan ko'chib kelgan, Angliya ga Massachusets shtatidagi Xingem, 1637 yilda. Shomuilning o'g'li Mordaxay qoldi Massachusets shtati, ammo Shomuilning Mordaxay deb nomlangan nabirasi oilaning g'arbiy ko'chishini boshladi. G'arbiy yo'nalishdagi sayohatni Shomuilning nabirasi Jon Linkoln davom ettirdi. Tug'ilgan Nyu-Jersi, Jon ko'chib o'tdi Pensilvaniya, keyin oilasini olib keldi Virjiniya.^[1] Jonning o'g'li, Kapitan Avraam Linkoln Virjiniya militsiyasidagi xizmati uchun ushbu unvonga sazovor bo'lgan, bo'lajak prezidentning otasining bobosi va unga hamroh bo'lgan. Pensilvaniya shtatining Berks okrugida tug'ilgan, u otasi va boshqa oila a'zolari bilan 1766 yil atrofida Virjiniyaning Shenandoax vodiysiga ko'chib o'tgan. Oila hozirgi Avgusta okrugidagi Linvill-Krik yaqinida joylashgan. Rokingem okrugi, Virjiniya. Kapitan Linkoln Virjiniya mulkini otasidan 1773 yilda sotib olgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Tomas Linkoln, bo'lajak prezidentning otasi, kapitan Linkolnning o'g'li edi. Tomas 1778 yil yanvar oyida Virjiniyada tug'ilgan va g'arbga ko'chib ketgan Jefferson okrugi, Kentukki, uning otasi, onasi va aka-ukalari bilan 1782 atrofida, u besh yoshga to'lganida.^[2] 1786 yil may oyida qirq ikki yoshida kapitan Avraam Linkoln Kentukki shtatida dalalarini ishlayotganda hind pistirmasida o'ldirildi. Sakkiz yoshli Tomas otasining o'ldirilishiga guvoh bo'lgan va agar uning akasi, Mordaxay, hujumchini otmagan.^[3] Kapitan Linkoln vafotidan keyin Tomasning onasi Bathsheba Linkoln ko'chib o'tdi Vashington okrugi, Kentukki, Tomas Kentukki shtatidagi bir nechta joylarda g'alati ishlarda ishlagan. Tomas ham bir yil ishladi Tennessi, 1800-yillarning boshlarida Kentukki shtatidagi Hardin okrugida oilasi a'zolari bilan yashashdan oldin.^[4]

Linkolnning onasining bobosi kimligi aniq emas. Bilan suhbatda Uilyam Xerndon, Linkolnning yuridik sherigi va uning biograflaridan biri bo'lgan prezident, bobosi "Virjiniya ekuvchisi yoki yirik fermer" ekanligini nazarda tutgan, ammo uning shaxsini aniqlamagan.^[5] Linkoln aynan shu aristokrat bobosidan "tahlil kuchini, mantig'ini, aqliy faoliyatini, ambitsiyasini va uni Xanks oilasining boshqa a'zolari va avlodlaridan ajratib turadigan barcha fazilatlarni" meros qilib olganligini his qildi.^[6] Linkolnning onalik onasi Lyusi Shipli Xenks qizi Nensi bilan Kentukki shahriga ko'chib ketgan. Munozara Linkolnning onasi, Nensi, nikohsiz tug'ilgan. Lyusi va Nensi Kentukki shtatining Vashington okrugida Lucyning singlisi Rachael Shipley Berry va uning eri Richard Berri Sr bilan yashashgan. Nensi Berri oilasida onasining Genri Sparrowga uylanganidan keyin qolgan, bu ayollar Kentukki shahriga kelganidan bir necha yil o'tgach sodir bo'lgan deb hisoblashadi.^[5][7] Berri uyi Tomas Linkolnning onasi uyidan bir yarim mil uzoqlikda edi; oilalar o'n etti yil davomida qo'shnilar edi. Bu vaqtda Tomas Nensi bilan uchrashgan edi.^[8] Tomas Linkoln va Nensi Xenks 1806 yil 12-iyun kuni Kentukki shtatining Vashington okrugidagi Beech Fork aholi punktida turmush qurishdi. Linkolnlar ko'chib o'tishdi Kentning Kentukki shtatidagi Elizabettaun, ularning nikohidan keyin.^[9]

Tasdiqlanmagan mish-mishlar

Biograflar Linkolnning otaligi haqidagi ko'plab mish-mishlarni rad etishdi. Tarixchi Uilyam E. Bartonning so'zlariga ko'ra, ushbu mish-mishlardan biri 1861 yilda "janubning bir necha qismida turli shakllarda" tarqala boshlagan: Linkolnning biologik otasi Avraam Enlo, rezidenti. Shimoliy Karolina shtatining Ruterford okrugi, o'sha yili vafot etgan. Biroq, Barton bu mish-mishlarni "boshidan oxirigacha yolg'on" deya rad etdi.^[10] Enlo Linkoln bilan aloqasini ommaviy ravishda rad etdi, ammo uni xususiy ravishda tasdiqlaganligi xabar qilindi.^[11] Bostik Linkoln markazi Bostik, Shimoliy Karolina, shuningdek, Avraam Linkoln Shimoliy Karolina shtatining Ruterford okrugida tug'ilgan deb da'vo qilmoqda va Nensi Xenks Enlou oilasida ishlayotganda noqonuniy farzand ko'rganligi haqida da'vo qilmoqda.^[12]

Linkolnning etnik va irqiy merosi haqidagi mish-mishlar, ayniqsa, u milliy siyosatga kirib kelganidan keyin ham tarqaldi. Chauncey Burr'dan iqtibos keltirgan holda Katexizm"G'arb muallifining dalil keltiradigan risolasi" ga ishora qilgan Devid J. Jakobson Linkolnni "Negrning bir qismi" deb taxmin qilgan,^[13] ammo da'vo isbotlanmagan. Linkolnga "negro" deb nomlangan xat ham kelgan.^[14] va "mulatto".^[14]

Linkolnning tashqi ko'rinishi

Yoshligidayoq Linkoln "noaniq" va "gawky" deb ta'riflangan.^[15] O'zining yoshiga nisbatan baland bo'yli Linkoln o'smirligida kuchli va sport bilan shug'ullangan. U yaxshi kurashchi bo'lgan, sakrash, uloqtirish va mahalliy oyoqlarda qatnashgan va "deyarli har doim g'olib bo'lgan".^[16] O'gay onasi uning kiyim-kechakka ozgina g'amxo'rlik qilishini ta'kidladi.^[17] Linkoln kambag'al, orqa o'rmonzorlar oilasidan chiqqan oddiy bolakay kabi kiyinib olgan, oyoq kiyimlari, paypoqlari va shimlari orasidagi bo'shliq ko'pincha tanasining olti va undan ortiq dyuymini ochib turardi. Uning shaxsiy kiyimiga qiziqishning etishmasligi kattalarday davom etdi. Linkoln yashagan paytda Nyu-Salem, Illinoys, u tez-tez bitta jilet bilan paydo bo'ldi, yelek yoki paltosiz.^[18]

1831 yilda, Indiana shtatidan ketganidan bir yil o'tgach, Linkolnning bo'yi olti metr, bo'yi uch-to'rt dyuym, vazni 210 funt, qizg'ish tusli edi.^[15] Keyinchalik ta'riflar Linkolnning qora sochlari va qora ranglarini o'z ichiga olgan bo'lib, ular Qo'shma Shtatlar prezidenti sifatida ishlagan paytida olingan fotosuratlarda ham yaqqol ko'rinib turardi. Uilyam Xerndon Linkolnni "juda qorong'i teriga" ega deb ta'riflagan;^[19] uning yonoqlari "teri va za'faron rangida"; "mayin" rang;^[19] va "uning sochlari qorong'i, deyarli qora edi".^[19] Linkoln 1838–39 yillarda o'zini "qora" deb ta'riflagan^[20] va uning rangi 1859 yilda "qorong'i"^[21] Linkolnni yomon ko'rganlar uning tashqi qiyofasini ham ta'kidlashdi. Masalan, davomida Amerika fuqarolar urushi The Charlston, Janubiy Karolina Merkuriy uni "eng iflos teri" deb ta'riflagan va "Faugh! Uning orqasidan qaysi oq tanli Prezident bo'lar edi?"^[22]

Dastlabki yillar (1809–1831)

Keyingi yillarda Linkoln o'zining kelib chiqishi to'g'risida bahslashishni istamadi. U o'zini a o'zini o'zi yaratgan odam, shuningdek, onasi va singlisining bevaqt o'limiga qarshi turish qiyin bo'lgan bo'lishi mumkin.^[23] Biroq, Qo'shma Shtatlar prezidentligiga nomzod sifatida ko'rsatilgan davrda, Linkoln Kentukki va Indiana shtatlaridagi yoshlarga qarashni ta'minlaydigan ikkita so'rovga javoban ikkita qisqacha biografik eskizlarni taqdim etdi. Saylovoldi tarjimai holi uchun bitta so'rov uning do'sti va Illinoys shtatidagi respublikachidan kelib tushdi, Jessi V. Fell, 1859 yilda; boshqa so'rov kelib tushdi John Locke Scripps, uchun jurnalist Chicago Press and Tribune.^[24] Linkolnning javobi Scripps-da, u o'zining dastlabki hayotini bir so'z bilan keltirdi Tomas Greyniki Qishloq cherkovida yozilgan elegiya, "kambag'allarning qisqa va sodda yilnomasi" sifatida.^[25] Linkolnning dastlabki hayoti haqida qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar 1865 yilda vafotidan keyin paydo bo'ldi, Uilyam Xerndon Linkolnning do'stlari, oilasi va tanishlari xatlari va intervyularini yig'ishni boshladi. Xerndon o'zining to'plangan materiallarini nashr etdi Xerndonning Linkoln: Buyuk hayotning haqiqiy hikoyasi (1889). Garchi Xerndonning ishi ko'pincha shubha ostiga qo'yilsa-da, tarixchi Devid Herbert Donald, Linkolnning Kentukki, Indiana shtatidagi dastlabki hayoti va Illinoysdagi dastlabki kunlari to'g'risida "asosan hozirgi e'tiqodlarni shakllantirgan" deb ta'kidlaydi.^[26][27]

Kentukki shahridagi dastlabki hayot (1809–1816)

Tomas va Nensi Xens Linkoln Kentukki shtatida bo'lgan yillarida uchta bolaning ota-onasi bo'lishdi. Sara 1807 yil 10 fevralda, Ibrohim esa 1809 yil 12 fevralda tug'ilgan. Boshqa o'g'li Tomas Linkoln, kichik yoki "Tommi" 1812 yoki 1813 yillarda tug'ilgan va uch kundan keyin vafot etgan.^[28][29]

1808 yil dekabrda Tomas, Nensi va ularning qizlari Sara Elizabethtaundan Kentukki shtatining Hardin okrugidagi Xodgen fabrikasi yaqinidagi Nolin Krikdagi Sinking Spring fermasiga ko'chib o'tdilar. (Fermer xo'jaligi Avraam Linkoln tug'ilgan joyi milliy tarixiy bog'i hozirgi Kentukki LaRue okrugida (Kentukki.) Ibrohim fermada ikki oydan so'ng, fevral oyining boshida tug'ilgan.^[30] Er huquqiga oid nizo tufayli oila ko'chib o'tishga majbur bo'lgunga qadar yana ikki yil fermada yashagan. Tomas sudda sud ishlarini davom ettirdi, ammo 1816 yil avgustda ishni yo'qotdi. ^[31] Tizimidan foydalangan Kentukki tadqiqotlari metes va chegaralar er tavsiflarini aniqlash va tavsiflash, erning tabiiy xususiyatlari o'zgarganda ishonchsiz bo'lib chiqdi. Avvalgi er ajratish va sotib olish shartnomalari bo'yicha chalkashliklar bilan murakkablashgan ushbu masala Kentukki shtatida erga egalik qilish bo'yicha doimiy huquqiy nizolarni keltirib chiqardi.^[32][33] 1811 yil yozida oila boshqa joyga ko'chib o'tdi Knob Creek fermasi, hozirda shimoldan sakkiz mil uzoqlikda joylashgan Avraam Linkoln tug'ilgan joyi tarixiy milliy bog'ining bir qismi.^[34] Vodiysida joylashgan Rolling Fork daryosi, bu sohada eng yaxshi qishloq xo'jaligi erlari bo'lgan. Linkolnning bolaligidagi dastlabki xotiralari shu fermadan.^[35] 1815 yilda boshqa bir er mojarosi bo'yicha da'vogar Linkoln oilasini Knob Creek fermasidan chiqarib yuborishga intildi.^[33]

Bir necha yil o'tgach, Linkoln milliy siyosiy arbob bo'lganidan so'ng, muxbirlar va hikoyachilar ko'pincha uning oilasining qashshoqligini va uning tug'ilishining qorong'iligini oshirib yubordilar. O'sha paytda Linkolnning oilaviy sharoiti kashshof oilalar uchun g'ayrioddiy emas edi. Tomas Linkoln Kentukki shtatidagi dehqon, duradgor va er egasi edi. U sotib olgan Cho'kayotgan buloq fermasi 348,5 gektar maydonni o'z ichiga olgan, 1808 yil dekabrda 200 AQSh dollari evaziga, ammo pul mablag'lari va fermer xo'jaligida amalga oshirgan yaxshilanishlarini yo'qotgan. Tomas Linkoln Jorj Lindsiga tegishli bo'lgan 230 gektar Knob Creek fermasining 30 gektarini ijaraga oldi, ammo boshqalar erga oldindan egalik huquqini berganidan keyin oila uni tark etishga majbur bo'ldi.^[33] Tomas Kentukki shtatida bo'lgan 816,5 gektar maydonning 200 gektaridan tashqari hamma uchun egalik huquqini yo'qotgan. 1816 yilga kelib, Tomas Kentukki sudlari tomonidan ta'minlanmagan xavfsizlikdan xafa bo'ldi. U 1814 yilda Kentukki shtatida egallagan qolgan erini sotib yubordi va erni o'rganish jarayoni yanada ishonchli bo'lgan va shaxsga er huquqlarini saqlab qolish qobiliyati yanada xavfsizroq bo'lgan Indiana shtatiga ko'chishni rejalashtira boshladi.^[36]

1860 yilda Linkoln 1816 yilda oilaning Indiana shtatiga ko'chib o'tishini "qisman qullik hisobiga amalga oshirilganini; lekin asosan qiyinchilik tufayli er uchastkalari Kentukki shtatida. "^[37] Tarixchilar Linkolnning oilaning Indiana shtatiga ko'chib ketishining ikkita asosiy sababi, ehtimol Kentukki shtatidagi yerga egalik huquqini ta'minlash bilan bog'liq muammolar va qullik masalasi bilan bog'liq degan fikrni qo'llab-quvvatlaydilar.^[33] In Indiana hududi, bir marta Eski shimoli-g'arbiy hudud, federal hukumat erga oid da'volarni tasvirlashni osonlashtirish uchun qismlarga bo'linib o'rganilgan hududiy erlarga egalik qildi. Natijada, Indiana shtatida qo'llanilgan so'rovnoma usuli mulkchilik muammolarini kamroq keltirib chiqardi va Indiana yangi ko'chmanchilarni jalb qilishga yordam berdi. Bundan tashqari, 1816 yil dekabrda Indiana shtat bo'lganida, davlat konstitutsiyasi taqiqlangan qullik, shuningdek majburiy qullik. Ilgari indenturatsiyaga ega bo'lgan qullar hali ham davlat ichida yashagan bo'lishiga qaramay, noqonuniy qullik davlatchilikning birinchi o'n yilligida tugadi.^[38]

Dastlabki diniy qarashlar

Linkoln hech qachon diniy jamoatga qo'shilmagan;^[39] ammo, uning otasi, onasi, singlisi va o'gay onasi hammasi edi Baptistlar. Ibrohimning ota-onasi Tomas va Nensi Linkoln Kentukki shtatidagi Baptistlar jamoati bo'lgan Little Mount Baptist cherkoviga tegishli bo'lib, 1808 yilda katta cherkovdan ajralib chiqqan, chunki uning a'zolari qullikni qo'llab-quvvatlamagan.^[40] Ushbu qullikka qarshi cherkovga a'zo bo'lishlari orqali Tomas va Nensi Ibrohim va Sorani juda yoshligida qullikka qarshi kayfiyatga duchor qildilar. Indiana shtatiga joylashgandan so'ng, Linkolnning ota-onasi 1823 yilda Katta kaptar baptist cherkoviga qo'shilish bilan baptist cherkov a'zoligini davom ettirishdi. Linkoln oilasi 1830 yil mart oyida Indiana shtatidan Illinoysga jo'nab ketganda, Tomas va uning ikkinchi rafiqasi Salli Kichkintoyda yaxshi ahvolda edilar. Kabutar Creek Baptist cherkovi.^[41]

Sally Linkoln 1865 yil sentyabr oyida o'gay o'g'li Ibrohim "alohida dinga ega emasligini" esladi^[42] va bu haqda ko'p gaplashmadi. Shuningdek, u tez-tez o'qiganlarini esladi Injil va vaqti-vaqti bilan cherkov marosimlarida qatnashgan.^[42] Linkolnning o'gay ukasi Matilda Jonston Xol Mur 1865 yilgi intervyusida Linkoln qanday qilib birodarlariga Muqaddas Kitobni o'qishini va ota-onasi cherkovga ketganidan keyin qo'shiq kuylashda qo'shilishini tushuntirdi. Indiana shtatidagi Linkolnni tanigan boshqa oila a'zolari va do'stlari, u tez-tez qoqin ustida turishini, atrofiga bolalar, do'stlar va hamkasblarni to'plashini va oldingi hafta eshitgan va'zini o'yin-kulgiga takrorlashini esladilar. mahalliy aholi, ayniqsa bolalar.^[43]

Indiana yillari (1816-1830)

Linkoln 7 yoshdan 21 yoshgacha bo'lgan davrda 14 yoshida yoki taxminan to'rtdan bir qismini Indiana shtatida o'tkazdi.^[44] 1816 yil dekabrda Tomas va Nensi Linkoln, ularning 9 yoshli qizi, Sara va 7 yoshli Ibrohim Indiana shtatiga ko'chib o'tdi. Ular "uzilmas o'rmonda" quruqlikka joylashdilar.^[45] bo'ron shaharchasida, Perri okrugi, Indiana. Linkoln mulki bilan tuzilgan shartnomalar doirasida AQSh hukumatiga berilgan quruqlikda edi Piankeshu va Delaver aholisi 1804 yilda. 1818 yilda Indiana Bosh assambleyasi tashkil etildi Spenser okrugi, Indiana, Linkoln fermasini o'z ichiga olgan Uorrik va Perri okruglarining qismlaridan.^[46][47]

Indiana shtatiga ko'chib o'tish kamida bir necha oy davomida rejalashtirilgan edi. Tomas 1816 yil o'rtalarida Indiana hududiga tashrif buyurib, sayt tanlab oldi va uning da'vosini belgilab qo'ydi, keyin Kentukki shahriga qaytib keldi va 1816 yil 11-noyabrdan 20-dekabrgacha, taxminan Indiana shtati bo'lgan davrda oilasini Indiana shtatiga olib keldi.^[48][49] Biroq, Tomas Linkoln 1817 yil 15 oktyabrgacha er idorasida da'vo arizasi bilan 160 gektar er sotib olish bo'yicha rasmiy jarayonni boshlamadi. Vinsennes, Indiana, "32-bo'limning janubi-g'arbiy choragi, 4 janubdagi shaharcha, 5-g'arbiy g'arbiy qism" deb nomlangan mulk uchun.^[50][51]

Tomas Linkolnga yaqinda berilgan stipendiya uning "siljiydigan haydovchi" sifatidagi avvalgi tavsiflarini qayta ko'rib chiqdi.^[52] Hujjatli dalillar shuni ko'rsatadiki, u o'z davrining odatiy kashshof dehqoni edi. Indiana shtatiga ko'chib o'tish uning oilasini qullikni taqiqlovchi davlatga aylantirdi va ular kabinani qurish uchun yog'och beradigan joyda, oilani boqadigan ekinlarni etishtirish uchun etarli tuproq va Ogayo daryosi bo'yidagi bozorlarga suv etkazib berishdi.^[53][54] Tomas otlar va chorva mollari bo'lgan, soliq to'lagan, qishloq xo'jaligi erlarini olgan, kerak bo'lganda okrugga xizmat qilgan va mahalliy baptistlar cherkovida o'z mavqeini saqlab qolgan. Qarzlarni to'lash yoki boshqa erlarni sotib olish uchun bir necha gektar maydonlardan voz kechishni o'z ichiga olgan ba'zi moliyaviy qiyinchiliklarga qaramay, u 1827 yil 5-iyunda Spenser okrugidagi 80 gektar erga aniq huquqni qo'lga kiritdi. 1830 yilga kelib, oila Illinoysga ko'chib o'tguncha Tomas mulkiga qo'shni bo'lgan yigirma sotix erni egallab olgan edi.^[55]

Bolta bilan malakaga ega bo'lgan Linkoln otasiga Indiana erlarini tozalashda yordam berdi. Indiana shtatidagi bolaligini eslab, Linkoln 1816 yilda kelgan paytidan boshlab "u deyarli eng foydali asbob bilan shug'ullanganini" ta'kidladi.^[56] Erlar bo'shatilgandan so'ng, oila o'z xo'jaliklarida cho'chqalar va makkajo'xori boqishdi, bu o'sha paytda Indiana ko'chmanchilariga xos edi. Tomas Linkoln shuningdek, kabinet va duradgor sifatida ishlashni davom ettirdi.^[57] Oilaning Indiana shtatiga kelganidan bir yil o'tgach, Tomas 160 gektar Indiana shtatiga egalik huquqini talab qildi va 80 dollar to'ladi, bu uning sotib olish narxining to'rtdan bir qismi 320 dollar. Ko'pchilik Kentukki shtatidan kelgan Linkoln va boshqalar ma'lum bo'lgan joyga joylashdilar Kichik Kabutar Creek Jamiyati,^[58] Kentukki shtatidagi Knob Krikdagi Linkoln fermasidan taxminan yuz mil uzoqlikda. O'sha paytda, Linkoln o'n uch yoshga to'lgan edi, o'n etti yoshga to'lmagan qirq to'qqizta farzandi bo'lgan to'qqizta oila Linkoln uyidan bir chaqirim narida yashar edi.^[59]

Nensi Linkoln vafot etganida, 1818 yil 5 oktyabrda oilada fojia yuz berdi sut kasalligi, ovqatlanadigan sigirlardan ifloslangan sutni ichish natijasida kelib chiqqan kasallik Ageratina altissima (oq snakeroot).^[60] Ibrohim to'qqiz yoshda edi; uning singlisi Sara o'n bir yoshda edi. Nensining o'limidan keyin uy 40 yoshdagi Tomasdan iborat edi; Sara, Avraam va Dennis Friend Xenks, Nensi Linkolnning etim o'n to'qqiz yoshli amakivachchasi.^[61][62] 1819 yilda Tomas Sara, Avraam va Dennis Xenksni Indiana shtatidagi fermada qoldirib, Kentukki shtatiga qaytib keldi. 1819 yil 2-dekabrda Linkolnning otasi turmushga chiqdi Sara "Salli" Bush Jonson. Kentukki shtatidagi Elizabettaun shahridan uch nafar farzandi bo'lgan beva ayol.^[63][64] O'n yoshli Abe tezda ikki o'gay farzandini o'z farzandidek tarbiyalagan yangi o'gay onasi bilan tezda bog'lanib qoldi. 1860 yilda uni tasvirlab bergan Linkoln uning uchun "yaxshi va mehribon ona" ekanligini ta'kidladi.^[65]

Salli Linkolnning bilim olishga bo'lgan ishtiyoqi va o'qishni istashini rag'batlantirdi va u bilan o'zining shaxsiy kitoblar to'plamini baham ko'rdi.^[50] Bir necha yil o'tgach, u Linkolnni o'z o'g'li Jon D. Jonson bilan taqqosladi: "Ikkalasi ham yaxshi bolalar edi, lekin shuni aytishim kerakki, ikkalasi ham o'lgan - Abe men ko'rgan yoki ko'rishni kutgan eng yaxshi bola".^{[iqtibos kerak ]} 1865 yilda Linkolnning vafotidan keyin Uilyam Xerndonga bergan intervyusida Sally Linkoln o'gay o'g'lini, ayniqsa hayvonlar va bolalarga, kooperativ va norozilikka nisbatan muloyim va mehribon deb ta'rifladi. Shuningdek, u uni "mo''tadil" yeyuvchi sifatida esladi, u ovqatini tanlamas va sog'lig'i yaxshi edi.^[66] Kashshoflar davrida ov qilish va baliq ovlash odatiy bo'lgan Indiana shtatida Tomas va Ibrohim ularga yoqmagan ko'rinadi. Keyinchalik Linkoln faqat bitta yovvoyi kurkani otib o'ldirganini tan oldi. Ko'rinib turibdiki, u hayvonlarni, hatto oziq-ovqat uchun ham o'ldirishga qarshi edi, ammo vaqti-vaqti bilan ayiqlar ko'chmanchilarning xo'jaliklari va jamoalariga tahdid solganda, ayiq ovida qatnashgan.^[67]

1828 yilda Linkoln oilasida yana bir fojia yuz berdi. Linkolnning katta singlisi, Sara 1826 yil 2-avgustda Aaron Grigbi bilan turmush qurgan, 1828 yil 20-yanvarda tug'ruq paytida vafot etgan,^[68] u deyarli 21 yoshida edi. Haqida kam narsa ma'lum Nensi Xenks Linkoln yoki Ibrohimning singlisi. Suhbatlashgan qo'shnilar Uilyam Xerndon ularning aqlli ekanliklariga rozi bo'lishdi, lekin jismoniy ko'rinishlariga zid tavsiflar berishdi.^[69] Linkoln ikkala ayol haqida juda kam gapirdi. Xerndon Soraning etarlicha tavsifini olish uchun amakivachchasi Dennis Xenksning ko'rsatmalariga tayanishi kerak edi. Linkolnni o'spirinligidan bilganlar, keyinchalik uning singlisining o'limidan qattiq tashvishga tushganini va keyinchalik paydo bo'lgan Grigsbi oilasi bilan janjalning faol ishtirokchisini esladilar.^[70]

Yangi Orleanga birinchi sayohat (1828)

Ehtimol, singlisining o'limi qayg'usidan uzoqlashishni qidirib, 19 yoshli Linkoln 1828 yilning bahorida Yangi Orleanga kemada sayohat qildi.^[71] Linkoln va Linkolnlar oilasining qarorgohi yaqinidagi mahalliy do'kon egasi Jeyms Gentrining o'g'li Allen Gentri o'zlarining sayohatlarini Ogayo daryosi yaqinidagi Gentry's Landing-da Rokport, Indiana. Luiziana, Linkoln va Gentriga boradigan yo'lda bir nechta afroamerikalik erkaklar yuklarini olib ketishga uringanlar, ammo ikkalasi qayiqlarini muvaffaqiyatli himoya qilishdi va hujumchilarni qaytarishdi.^[72][73] Nyu-Orleanga kelganlarida, ular Gentrining otasiga tegishli bo'lgan yuklarini sotdilar, keyin shaharni kashf etdilar. Qullarning katta mavqei va faol qullar bozori bilan Linkoln qullar kim oshdi savdosining guvohi bo'lganligi ehtimoldan yiroq emas va u unda o'chmas taassurot qoldirgan bo'lishi mumkin. (Kongress 1808 yilda qullarni olib kirishni taqiqladi, ammo Qo'shma Shtatlar ichida qul savdosi rivojlanib bordi.^[73]) Yangi Orlean Linkolnning qanchasi ko'rgan yoki tajribali bo'lganligi taxminlarga ochiq. U o'sha paytda qullar kim oshdi savdosining guvohi bo'ladimi yoki keyinchalik Nyu-Orleanga sayohat qiladimi, chuqur Janubga birinchi tashrifi uni yangi tajribalarga, jumladan, Nyu-Orleanning madaniy xilma-xilligi va paroxodda Indiana-ga qaytish safari bilan tanishtirdi.^[73][74]

Ta'lim

Linkoln bolaligida olov nurida o'qiydi

1858 yilda Linkoln Kongressning sobiq a'zolariga yuborilgan so'rovnomaga javob berar ekan, uning ta'limini "nuqsonli" deb ta'riflagan.^[75] 1860 yilda, AQSh prezidentligiga nomzodini ko'rsatgandan ko'p o'tmay, Linkoln cheklangan rasmiy ta'limi uchun kechirim so'radi va pushaymon bo'ldi. Linkoln o'z-o'zini tarbiyalagan. Uning rasmiy ta'limi vaqti-vaqti bilan bo'lib, jami o'n ikki oydan kam bo'lgan bo'lishi mumkin. U hech qachon kollejda o'qimagan, ammo Linkoln umr bo'yi o'rganishga bo'lgan qiziqishini saqlab qolgan.^[76][77] Linkolnning o'gay onasi 1865 yil sentyabr oyida Uilyam Xerndon bilan bergan intervyusida Ibrohimni doimo o'qiydigan, boshqalarni diqqat bilan tinglaydigan va o'rganishga chuqur qiziqadigan, sinchkovlik bilan o'g'il bola deb ta'riflagan. Linkoln yigirma yoshlarida ingliz tili grammatikasini o'rgangan va o'zlashtirgan kattalar davrida o'qishni davom ettirdi. Evklid u Kongress a'zosi bo'lganidan keyin.^[78]

Linkolnning onasi Nensining amakivachchasi Dennis Xenks Linkolnga "imlo bo'yicha birinchi darsi - o'qish va yozish" berganini da'vo qildi va "Men Abega yozishni o'rgatdim" shov-shuv kviling Men uni miltiq bilan o'ldirdim va qalam yaratdim - Abesni yodda tuting va qanday yozish haqida fikr berish uchun uning barmoqlarini mening qo'lim bilan siljiting. "^[79] Linkolndan o'n yosh katta va "faqat marginal savodli" Henks,^[79] u juda yoshligida Linkolnga o'qishda yordam bergan bo'lishi mumkin, ammo Linkoln tez orada Xenksning o'qituvchilik qobiliyatidan oshib ketdi.^[80]

Olti yoshli Ibrohim va uning singlisi Sora Kentukki shahrida o'qishni boshladilar, u erda Knob-Krikdagi uyidan ikki mil uzoqlikda obuna maktabida o'qishdi. Darslar yil davomida atigi bir necha oy bo'lib o'tdi.^[81][82] 1816 yil dekabrda, ular Indiana shtatiga kelganlarida, bu erda hech qanday maktab yo'q edi, shuning uchun Ibrohim va uning singlisi 1819 yilga kelib "Kichik kabutar Creek" da birinchi maktab tashkil etilgunga qadar uyda o'qishlarini davom ettirishdi "janubdan bir milya va to'rtdan bir qismi janubda. Linkoln fermasi ".^[83] 1820-yillarda Linkolnni ham o'z ichiga olgan kashshof bolalar uchun ta'lim olish imkoniyatlari juda oz edi. Maktab yoshidagi bolalarning ota-onalari jamoa maktablari va uning o'qituvchilari uchun pul to'laydilar. Indiana shtatining kashshoflik davrida Linkolnning cheklangan rasmiy ta'limi odatiy bo'lmagan.^[84] Linkolnga sayohatchi o'qituvchilar dars berishgan blab maktablari Bu kichik o'quvchilar uchun maktab bo'lgan va o'quvchilarning ota-onalari tomonidan to'langan.^[85] Maktab resurslari kam bo'lganligi sababli, bolaning ta'limining ko'p qismi norasmiy bo'lib, sinf xonasidan tashqarida o'tardi.^[86]

Linkoln yoshligidagi oila, qo'shnilar va sinfdoshlar uning ashaddiy o'quvchi ekanligini eslashdi. Linkoln o'qidi Ezopning ertaklari, Injil, Ziyoratchilarning borishi, Robinzon Kruzo, va Parson Weems's Vashington hayoti, shuningdek, gazetalar, madhiyalar, qo'shiqlar kitoblari, matematik va imlo kitoblari va boshqalar.^[87][88] Keyinchalik tadqiqotlar kiritilgan Shekspir asarlari, she'riyat va Britaniya va Amerika tarixi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Linkoln g'ayrioddiy uzun bo'yli (6 fut 3.75 dyuym (1.9241 m)) va baquvvat bo'lishiga qaramay, u shunchalik ko'p vaqtni o'qishga sarflaganki, ba'zi qo'shnilar uni "o'qish, yozish, yozish, shifrlash, she'r yozish va h.k."^[89] va buni og'ir qo'l mehnatidan qochish uchun qilgan bo'lishi kerak. Uning o'gay onasi ham "jismoniy mehnat" dan zavqlanmaganini, lekin o'qishni yaxshi ko'rishini tan oldi.^[42] "U (Linkoln) juda ko'p o'qidi - juda mashaqqatli edi - juda kam jismoniy mashqlar - o'qish paytida juda mashaqqatli edi", shuncha yil o'tgach, Linkoln Illinoysda yashaganida, Genri Makenri esladi: ozib ketgan va uning eng yaqin do'stlari uning o'zini aqldan ozdirishidan qo'rqishgan ".^[90]

O'qishdan tashqari, Linkoln Kentukki va Indianada yoshligida boshqa ko'nikmalar va qiziqishlarni rivojlantirdi. U oddiy, orqa daraxtlarning nutq uslubini rivojlantirdi, u yoshligida oilasiga, sinfdoshlariga va mahalliy jamoat a'zolariga hikoyalar va va'zlar aytib berish bilan shug'ullangan. U yigirma bir yoshga kirganida, Linkoln "qobiliyatli va so'zlovchi notiq" ga aylandi;^[91] ammo, ba'zi tarixchilar uning nutq uslubi, nutq figuralari va so'z boyligi milliy siyosatga kirib kelganda ham tozalanmaganligini ta'kidlashmoqda.^[92]

Illinoysga ko'chib o'tish (1830)

21 yoshli Avraam Linkolnning shahar markazidagi haykali Dekatur, Illinoys, uning birinchi siyosiy nutqi saytida.

1830 yilda Linkoln yigirma bir yoshda bo'lganida, Linkoln oilasining o'n uch a'zosi Illinoysga ko'chib o'tdilar. Tomas, Salli, Ibrohim va Sallining o'g'li Jon D. Jonson bir oila bo'lib ketishdi. Partiyaga Dennis Xenks va uning rafiqasi Yelizaveta, u ham Ibrohimning o'gay qarindoshi edi va ularning to'rt farzandi qo'shildi. Xenksning o'gay ukasi Skvayr Xol va uning rafiqasi, Linkolnning o'gay o'gaylaridan biri Matilda Jonson va ularning o'g'li uchinchi oilaviy guruhni tashkil etishgan. Tarixchilar bu harakatni kim tashabbus qilgani borasida bir fikrga kelmaydilar, ammo bu Tomas Linkolndan ko'ra Dennis Xenks bo'lishi mumkin.^[93] Tomasning Indiana shtatidan ketishga aniq sabablari yo'q edi. U erga egalik qilgan va o'z jamoasining hurmatga sazovor a'zosi bo'lgan, ammo Xenks ham bunga erishmagan. Bundan tashqari, Dennisning amakivachchalaridan biri Jon Xenks yashagan Makon okrugi, Illinoys. Keyinchalik Dennis Sallyning qizi Yelizaveta bilan ajrashishdan bosh tortganini ta'kidladi, shuning uchun Sally Tomasni Illinoysga ko'chib o'tishga ishontirgan bo'lishi mumkin.^[94][95]

Linkoln-Xenks-Xoll oilalari 1830 yil mart oyining boshida Indiana shtatidan jo'nab ketishdi. Vabash daryosi Vincennes, Indiana, Illinoys shtatida va oila tanlangan saytga joylashdi Makon okrugi, Illinoys,^[96] G'arbdan 10 milya (16 km) Dekatur. O'sha paytda yigirma bir yoshda bo'lgan Linkoln otasiga 10 gektar maydonni (40000 m) tozalash uchun yog'och idishni va to'siqlar qurishda yordam berdi.²) yer va makkajo'xori hosiliga soling. O'sha kuzda butun oila a bilan kasal bo'lib qoldi isitma, ammo barchasi omon qoldi. 1831 yil qishining boshi, ayniqsa, shafqatsiz edi, aksariyat mahalliy aholi buni boshidan kechirgan eng yomon deb atashdi. (Illinoysda bu "Qattiq qorli qish" deb nomlangan.) Bahorda, Linkoln oilasi uydagi uyga ko'chib o'tishga tayyorlanayotganda. Koles okrugi, Illinoys, Linkoln o'z-o'zidan zarba berishga tayyor edi.^[97] Tomas va Sally Koles okrugiga ko'chib o'tdilar va umrlarining oxirigacha Illinoysda qolishdi.^[98]

Salli Linkoln va uning amakivachchasi Dennis Xenks Tomas o'g'lini yaxshi ko'rishini va uni qo'llab-quvvatlaganini ta'kidlashsa-da, oila Illinoysga ko'chib ketganidan keyin ota-bola munosabatlari yomonlashdi.^[99] Ehtimol, Tomas o'g'lining ambitsiyasini to'liq qadrlamagan bo'lishi mumkin, Ibrohim esa Tomasning dastlabki kurashlari haqida hech qachon bilmagan.^[69] 1851 yilda Illinoysga ko'chib o'tgandan so'ng, Ibrohim o'layotgan otasini ko'rishdan bosh tortdi va o'z o'g'illarini bobo va buvilariga borishga olmadi. Tarixchi Rodni O. Devis ularning munosabatlaridagi zo'riqishning sababi Linkolnning advokat sifatida muvaffaqiyat qozonishi va uning boy, aristokratik oiladan chiqqan Meri Todd Linkoln bilan turmush qurishi va bu ikki kishi endi har biri bilan aloqasi yo'qligi bilan izohladi. hayotdagi boshqa holatlar.^[99]

Nyu-Orleanga yana bir sayohat (1831)

Linkoln, Jon Jonson bilan birga va Jon Xenks, taklifni qabul qildi Denton Offutt uchrashmoq Sprinfild, Illinoys, va 1831 yilda Nyu-Orleanga yuk ko'tarib boring. Aprelning oxiri yoki may oyining boshlarida Springfilddan jo'nab ketamiz. Sangamon daryosi, ularning qayig'i Springfilddan 32 km shimoli-g'arbda, qishloq yaqinidagi tegirmon to'g'onidan o'tishda qiyinchiliklarga duch keldi Yangi Salem. Yangi Salemning joylashgan joyidan taassurot qoldirgan va bug 'qayiqlari daryoda qishloqqa qarab yurishi mumkinligiga ishongan Offutt, tegirmonni ijaraga olish va umumiy do'kon ochish bo'yicha kelishuvlar qildi. Offutt o'zining xizmatchisi sifatida Linkolnni yolladi va ikki kishi Nyu-Orleandagi yuklarini bo'shatgandan so'ng, Nyu-Salemga qaytib kelishdi.^[100]

Yangi Salem (1831–1837)

Linkoln Illinoys shtatining Nyu-Salem shahrida joylashgan

Linkoln qaytib kelganida Yangi Salem 1831 yil iyul oyi oxirida u istiqbolli hamjamiyatni topdi, ammo u erda hech qachon yuz aholidan oshadigan aholi bo'lmagan. Yangi Salem bir nechta mahalliy jamoalarga xizmat ko'rsatadigan kichik tijorat aholi punkti edi. Qishloqda o'ndan ortiq binoga yoyilgan arra zavodi, grist tegirmoni, temirchilik do'koni, kooper do'koni, jun terish do'koni, shlyapa tikuvchi, umumiy do'kon va taverna bor edi. Offutt o'z do'konini sentyabrgacha ochmadi, shuning uchun Linkoln vaqtincha ish topdi va shahar aholisi tezda mehnatsevar va hamjihat yigit sifatida qabul qilindi.^[101] Linkoln do'konda ishlay boshlagach, u Nyu-Salemga materiallarni sotib olish yoki makkajo'xori maydonini olish uchun kelgan atrofdagi jamoatlarning ishchilaridan va qo'polroq olomonidan uchrashdi. Linkolnning hazilkashligi, hikoya qilish qobiliyati va jismoniy kuchi Klarining Grove deb nomlangan o'g'il bolalarini o'z ichiga olgan yosh, g'azablangan elementga mos keladi va ular orasida uning o'rni mahalliy chempion Jek Armstrong bilan bo'lib o'tgan kurashdan keyin mustahkamlandi. Garchi Linkoln Armstrong bilan jangda yutqazgan bo'lsa-da, mahalliy aholi hurmatiga sazovor bo'ldi.^[102]

Nyu-Salemdagi birinchi qish paytida Linkoln "Yangi Salem" debat klubining yig'ilishida qatnashdi. Klubdagi faoliyati, shuningdek, do'konni, arra fabrikasini va gristmillni boshqarishdagi samaradorligi bilan bir qatorda o'zini rivojlantirish bo'yicha boshqa harakatlaridan tashqari tez orada doktor Jon Allen, Mentor Grem va boshqa shahar rahbarlari e'tiborini tortdi. Jeyms Rutleyd.^[103] Erkaklar Linkolnni o'z jamoalari manfaatlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashga qodir ekanligini his qilib, siyosatga kirishga undashdi. 1832 yil mart oyida Linkoln o'z nomzodini e'lon qilingan yozma maqolada e'lon qildi Sangamo jurnali, u Springfildda nashr etilgan. Linkoln hayratda edi Genri Kley va uning Amerika tizimi, milliy siyosiy iqlim o'zgarib, mahalliy Illinoys muammolari saylovning asosiy siyosiy tashvishlari bo'lgan. Linkoln mahalliy temir yo'l loyihasini ishlab chiqishga qarshi chiqdi, ammo Sangamon daryosida suzib yurish qobiliyatini oshiradigan yaxshilanishlarni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Garchi ikki partiyali siyosiy tizim bu demokratlarni qarshi qo'ydi Whigs hali shakllanmagan bo'lsa, Linkoln yaqin bir necha yil ichida shtat qonun chiqaruvchisidagi etakchi viglardan biriga aylanadi.^[104]

Daguerreotip Genri Kley portreti - Kley Linkolnga butun faoliyati davomida katta siyosiy ta'sir ko'rsatgan

1832 yil bahorida Offuttning ishi muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi va Linkoln ishsiz qoldi. Taxminan shu vaqt ichida Black Hawk urushi otilib chiqdi va Linkoln daf qilish uchun Yangi Salemdagi ko'ngillilar guruhiga qo'shildi Black Hawk Illinoys shtatidagi qabilaviy erlarni qaytarib olish uchun 1500 nafar ayollar va bolalar bilan birga 450 jangchidan iborat guruhni boshqargan. Linkoln o'z bo'linmasining sardori etib saylangan, ammo u va uning odamlari hech qachon jangovar harakatlarni ko'rmaganlar. Lincoln later commented In the late 1850s that the selection by his peers was "a success which gave me more pleasure than any I have had since."^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Lincoln returned to central Illinois after a few months of militia service to campaign in Sangamon tumani before the August 6 legislative election. When the votes were tallied, Lincoln finished eighth out of thirteen candidates. Only the top four candidates were elected, but Lincoln managed to secure 277 out of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct.^[105]

Without a job, Lincoln and William F. Berry, a member of Lincoln's militia company during the Black Hawk War, purchased one of the three general stores in New Salem. The two men signed personal notes to purchase the business and a later acquisition of another store's inventory, but their enterprise failed. By 1833 New Salem was no longer a growing community; the Sangamon River proved to be inadequate for commercial transportation and no roads or railroads allowed easy access to other markets. In January, Berry applied for a liquor license, but the added revenue was not enough to save the business.^[106] With the closure of the Lincoln-Berry store, Lincoln was again unemployed and would soon have to leave New Salem. However, in May 1833, with the assistance of friends interested in keeping him in New Salem, Lincoln secured an appointment from President Andrew Jackson as the postmaster of New Salem, a position he kept for three years. During this time, Lincoln earned between $150 and $175 as postmaster, hardly enough to be considered a full-time source of income. Another friend helped Lincoln obtain an appointment as an assistant to county surveyor John Calhoun, a Democratic political appointee. Lincoln had no experience at surveying, but he relied on borrowed copies of two works and was able to teach himself the practical application of surveying techniques as well as the trigonometric basis of the process. His income proved sufficient to meet his day-to-day expenses, but the notes from his partnership with Berry were coming due.^[107]

Politics and the law

In 1834 Lincoln's decision to run for the state legislature for a second time was strongly influenced by his need to satisfy his debts, what he jokingly referred to as his "national debt", and the additional income that would come from a legislative salary. By this time Lincoln was a member of the Whig party. His campaign strategy excluded a discussion of the national issues and concentrated on traveling throughout the district and greeting voters. The district's leading Whig candidate was Springfield attorney Jon Todd Styuart, whom Lincoln knew from his militia service during the Black Hawk urushi. Local Democrats, who feared Stuart more than Lincoln, offered to withdraw two of their candidates from the field of thirteen, where only the top four vote-getters would be elected, to support Lincoln. Stuart, who was confident of his own victory, told Lincoln to go ahead and accept the Democrats' endorsement. On August 4 Lincoln polled 1,376 votes, the second highest number of votes in the race, and won one of the four seats in the election, as did Stuart.^[108] Lincoln was reelected to the state legislature in 1836, 1838, and 1840.

Jon T. Styuart as a major during the Black Hawk urushi

Stuart, a cousin of Lincoln's future wife, Mary Todd, was impressed with Lincoln and encouraged him to study law.^[109] Lincoln was probably familiar with courtrooms from an early age. While the family was still in Kentucky, his father was frequently involved with filing land deeds, serving on juries, and attending sheriff's sales, and later, Lincoln may have been aware of his father's legal issues. When the family moved to Indiana, Lincoln lived within 15 miles (24 km) of three county courthouses. Attracted by the opportunity of hearing a good oral presentation, Lincoln, as did many others on the frontier, attended court sessions as a spectator. The practice continued when he moved to New Salem.^[110] Noticing how often lawyers referred to them, Lincoln made a point of reading and studying the Revised Statutes of Indiana, the Declaration of Independence, and the United States Constitution.^[111]

Using books borrowed from the law firm of Stuart and Judge Tomas Drummond, Lincoln began to study law in earnest during the first half of 1835.^[112] Lincoln did not attend law school, and stated: "I studied with nobody."^[90] As part of his training, he read copies of Qora tosh "s Sharhlar, Chitty's Pleadings, Greenleaf's Evidence va Jozef hikoyasi "s Equity Jurisprudence.^[113] In February 1836 Lincoln stopped working as a surveyor,^[114] and in March 1836, took the first step to becoming a practicing attorney when he applied to the clerk of the Sangamon County Court to register as a man of good and moral character. After passing an oral examination by a panel of practicing attorneys, Lincoln received his law license on September 9, 1836. In April 1837 he was enrolled to practice before the Supreme Court of Illinois, and moved to Springfield, where he went into partnership with Stuart.^[115]

Illinois Legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's first session in the Illinois legislature ran from December 1, 1834, to February 13, 1835. In preparation for the session Lincoln borrowed $200 from Coleman Smoot, one of the richest men in Sangamon County, and spent $60 of it on his first suit of clothes. As the second youngest legislator in this term, and one of thirty-six first-time attendees, Lincoln was primarily an observer, but his colleagues soon recognized his mastery of "the technical language of the law" and asked him to draft bills for them.^[116]

When Lincoln announced his bid for reelection in June 1836, he addressed the controversial issue of expanded suffrage. Democrats advocated universal suffrage for white males residing in the state for at least six months. They hoped to bring Irish immigrants, who were attracted to the state because of its canal projects, onto the voting rolls as Democrats. Lincoln supported the traditional Whig position that voting should be limited to property owners.^[117]

Lincoln was reelected on August 1, 1836, as the top vote getter in the Sangamon delegation. This delegation of two senators and seven representatives was nicknamed the "Long Nine" because all of them were above average height. Despite being the second youngest of the group, Lincoln was viewed as the group's leader and the floor leader of the Whig minority. The Long Nine's primary agenda was the relocation of the state capital from Vandaliya to Springfield and a vigorous program of ichki yaxshilanishlar davlat uchun.^[118] Lincoln's influence within the legislature and within his party continued to grow with his reelection for two subsequent terms in 1838 and 1840. By the 1838–1839 legislative session, Lincoln served on at least fourteen committees and worked behind the scenes to manage the program of the Whig minority.^[119]

While serving as a state legislator, Illinois Auditor Jeyms Shilds challenged Lincoln to a duel. Lincoln had published an inflammatory letter in the Sangamon Journal, a Springfield newspaper, that poked fun at Shields. Lincoln's future wife, Mary Todd, and her close friend, continued writing letters about Shields without Lincoln's knowledge. Shields took offense to the articles and demanded "satisfaction". The incident escalated to the two parties meeting on Missuri 's Sunflower Island, near Alton, Illinoys, to participate in a duel, which was illegal in Illinois. Lincoln took responsibility for the articles and accepted. Lincoln choose cavalry broadswords as the duel's weapons because Shields was known as an excellent marksman. Just prior to engaging in combat, Lincoln demonstrated his physical advantage (his long arm reach) by easily cutting a branch above Shields's head. Their seconds intervened and convinced the men to cease hostilities on the grounds that Lincoln had not written the letters.^{[120][121][122][123]}

Ichki yaxshilanishlar

The Illinois governor called for a special legislative session during the winter of 1835–1836 in order to finance what became known as the Illinoys va Michigan kanali, which connected the Illinois and Chicago rivers and linked Michigan ko'li uchun Missisipi daryosi. The proposal would allow the state government to finance the construction with a $500,000 loan. Lincoln voted in favor of the commitment, which passed 28–27.^[124]

Lincoln had always supported Henry Clay's vision of the American System, which saw a prosperous America supported by a well-developed network of roads, canals, and, later, railroads. Lincoln favored raising the funds for these projects through the federal government's sale of public lands to eliminate interest expenses; otherwise, private capital should bear the cost alone. Fearing that Illinois would fall behind other states in economic development, Lincoln shifted his position to allow the state to provide the necessary support for private developers.^[117]

Stiven A. Duglas – Douglas and Lincoln would spend much of their public careers as rivals.

In the next session a newly elected legislator, Stiven A. Duglas, went even further and proposed a comprehensive $10 million state loan program, which Lincoln supported. Biroq, 1837 yilgi vahima effectively destroyed the possibility of more internal improvements in Illinois. The state became "littered with unfinished roads and partially dug canals"; the value of state bonds fell; and interest on the state's debts was eight times its total revenue. The state government took forty years to pay off this debt.^[125]

Lincoln had a couple of ideas to salvage the internal improvements program. First, he proposed that the state buy public lands at a discount from the federal government and then sell them to new settlers at a profit, but the federal government rejected the idea. Next, he proposed a graduated land tax that would have passed more of the tax burden to the owners of the most valuable land, but the majority of the legislators were unwilling to commit any further state funds to internal improvement projects. The state's financial depression continued through 1839.^[126]

Selection of Springfield as the state capital

In the 1830s Illinois welcomed more immigrants, many from New York and New England, who tended to move into the northern and central parts of the state. Vandalia, which was located in the more stagnant southern section, seemed unsuitable as the state's seat of government. On the other hand, Springfield, in Sangamon County, was "strategically located in central Illinois" and was already growing "in population and refinement".^[127]

Those who opposed the relocation of the state government to Springfield first attempted to weaken the Sangamon County delegation's influence by dividing the county into two new counties, but Lincoln was instrumental in first amending and then killing this proposal in his own committee. Throughout the lengthy debate "Lincoln's political skills were repeatedly tested". He finally succeeded when the legislature accepted his proposal that the chosen city would be required to contribute $50,000 and 2 acres (8,100 m²) of land for construction of a new state capitol building—only Springfield could comfortably meet this financial demand. The final action was tabled twice, but Lincoln resurrected it by finding acceptable amendments to draw additional support, including one that would have allowed reconsideration in the next session. As other locations were voted down, Springfield was selected by a 46 to 37 vote margin on February 28, 1837. Under Lincoln's leadership reconsideration efforts were defeated in the 1838–1839 sessions.^[128] Orville Browning, who would later become a close Lincoln friend and confidant, guided the legislation through the Illinois Senate, and the move became effective in 1839.^[129]

The Old State Capitol building in Sprinfild, Illinoys – Lincoln was instrumental in bringing the state capitol to Springfield and served his final term in the Illinois legislature in this building.

Illinois State Bank

Lincoln, like Henry Clay, favored federal control over the nation's banking system, but President Jackson had effectively killed the Bank of the United States by 1835. That same year Lincoln crossed party lines to vote with pro-bank Democrats in chartering the Illinois State Bank. As he did in the internal improvements debates, Lincoln searched for the best available alternative.^[130] According to historian and Lincoln biographer Richard Carwardine, Lincoln felt:

A well-regulated bank would provide a sound, elastic currency, protecting the public against the extreme prescriptions of the hard-money men on one side and the paper inflationists on the other; it would be a safe depository for public funds and provide the credit mechanisms needed to sustain state improvements; it would bring an end to extortionate money-lending.^[126]

Opponents of the state bank initiated an investigation designed to close the bank in the 1836–1837 legislative session. On January 11, 1837, Lincoln made his first major legislative speech supporting the bank and attacking its opponents. He condemned "that lawless and mobocratic spirit ... which is already abroad in the land, and is spreading with rapid and fearful impetuosity, to the ultimate overthrow of every institution, or even moral principle, in which persons and property have hitherto found security."^[131] Blaming the opposition entirely on the political class, Lincoln called politicians "at least one long step removed from honest men,"^[132] Lincoln commented:

I make the assertion boldly, and without fear of contradiction, that no man, who does not hold an office, or does not aspire to one, has ever found any fault of the Bank. It has doubled the prices of the products of their farms, and filled their pockets with a sound circulating medium, and they are all well pleased with its operations.^[133]

Westerners in the Jacksonian Era were generally skeptical of all banks, and this was aggravated after the Panic of 1837, when the Illinois Bank suspended specie payments. Lincoln still defended the bank, but it was too strongly linked to a failing credit system that lead to devalued currency and loan foreclosures to generate much political support.^[134]

In 1839 Democrats led another investigation of the state bank, with Lincoln as a Whig representative on the investigating committee. Lincoln was instrumental in the committee's conclusion that the suspension of specie payment was related to uncontrollable economic conditions rather than "any organic defects of the institutions themselves."^[135] However, the legislation allowing the suspension of specie payments was set to expire at the end of December 1840, and Democrats wanted to adjourn without further extensions. In an attempt to avoid a quorum on adjournment, Lincoln and several others jumped out of a first story window, but the Speaker counted them as present and "the bank was killed."^[135][136] By 1841 Lincoln was less supportive of the state bank, although he would continue to make speeches around the state supporting it. He concluded, "If there was to be this continual warfare against the Institutions of the State ... the sooner it was brought to an end the better."^[137]

Abolitsionizm

In the 1830s the slaveholding states began to take notice of the growth of antislavery rhetoric in the North. Their anger focused on abolitionists, whom they accused of fomenting slave revolts by distributing "incendiary pamphlets" of the slaves. When southern legislatures passed resolutions calling for suppression of abolitionist societies, they often received a favorable response from their northern counterparts. In January 1837 the Illinois legislature passed a resolution declaring that they "highly disapprove of the formation of abolition societies", that "the right of property in slaves is sacred to the slave-holding States by the Federal Government, and that they cannot be deprived of that right without their consent", and that "the General Government cannot abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, against the will of the citizens of said District."^{[iqtibos kerak ]} The vote in the Illinois Senate was 18 to 0, and 77 to 6 in the House, with Lincoln and Dan Stone, who was also from Sangamon County, voting in opposition. Because relocation of the state capital was still the number one issue on the two men's agendas, they made no comment on their votes until the relocation was approved.^[138]

On March 3, with his other legislative priorities behind him, Lincoln filed a formal written protest with the legislature that stated "the institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy."^[139] Lincoln criticized abolitionists on practical grounds, arguing that "the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than to abate its [slavery's] evils."^[140] He also addressed the issue of slavery in the nation's capital in a different manner from the resolutions, writing that "the Congress of the United States has the power, under the constitution, to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia; but that power ought not to be exercised unless at the request of the people of said District."^[141] Lincoln biographer Benjamin P. Thomas commented on the significance of Lincoln's action:

Thus, at the age of twenty-eight, Lincoln made public avowal of his dislike of slavery, basing his position on moral grounds when he characterized the institution as an injustice with evils, while conceding the sanctity of Southern rights. In 1860, in his autobiography, he stated that the protest "briefly defined his position on the slavery question; and so far as it goes, it was then the same that it is now."^[142]

Lincoln's Lyceum Address

Lincoln's address to the Young Men's Litsey ning Sprinfild, Illinoys on January 27, 1838, was titled "The Perpetuation of Our Political Institutions".^[143][144] In this speech Lincoln described the dangers of Qo'shma Shtatlardagi qullik, an institution he believed would corrupt the federal hukumat.^[143]

Dasht advokati

Partnerships with Stuart and Logan

In 1837, from the start of the law partnership with Stuart, Lincoln handled most of the firms clients, while Stuart was primarily concerned with politics and election to the United States House of Representatives. The law practice had as many clients as it could handle. Most fees were five dollars, with the common fee ranging between two and a half dollars and ten dollars. Lincoln quickly realized that he was equal in ability and effectiveness to most other attorneys, whether they were self-taught like Lincoln or had studied with a more experienced lawyer. Following Stuart's elected to Congress in November 1839, Lincoln ran the practice on his own. Lincoln, like Stuart, considered his legal career as simply a catalyst to his political ambitions.^[145]

By 1840 Lincoln was drawing $1,000 annually from the law practice, along with his salary as a legislator. However, when Stuart was reelected to Congress, Lincoln was no longer content to carry the entire load. In April 1841 he entered into a new partnership with Stiven T. Logan. Logan was nine years older than Lincoln, the leading attorney in Sangamon County, and a former attorney in Kentucky before he moved to Illinois. Logan saw Lincoln as a complement to his practice, recognizing that Lincoln's effectiveness with juries was superior to his own in that area. Once again, clients were plentiful for the firm, although Lincoln received one-third of the firm's proceeds rather than the even split he had enjoyed with Stuart.^[146]

Lincoln's association with Logan was a learning experience. He absorbed from Logan some of the finer points of law and the importance of proper and detailed case research and preparation. Logan's written pleadings were precise and on point, and Lincoln used them as his model. However, much of Lincoln's development was still self-taught. Tarixchi Devid Gerbert Donald wrote that Logan taught him that "there was more to law than common sense and simple equity" and Lincoln's study began to focus on "procedures and precedents."^[147] During this time Lincoln did not study law books, but he did spend "night after night in the Supreme Court Library, searching out precedents that applied to the cases he was working on."^[147] Lincoln stated, "I love to dig up the question by the roots and hold it up and dry it before the fires of the mind."^[147] His written briefs, especially important in Illinois Supreme Court cases, were prepared in great detail with precedents noted that often went back to the origins of English common law. Lincoln's growing skills became evident as his appearances before the Supreme Court increased and would serve him well in his political career. By the time he went to Washington in 1861 Lincoln had appeared over three hundred times before this court.^[148] Lincoln biographer Stiven B. Oates wrote, "It was here that he earned his reputation as a lawyer's lawyer, adept at meticulous preparation and cogent argument."^[149]

Lincoln and Herndon

Lincoln's partnership with Logan was dissolved in the fall of 1844, when Logan entered into a partnership with his son. Lincoln, who probably could have had his choice of more established attorneys, was tired of being the junior partner and entered into partnership with Uilyam Xerndon, who had been reading law in the offices of Logan and Lincoln. Herndon, like Lincoln, was an active Whig, but the party in Illinois at that time was split into two factions. Lincoln was connected to the older, "silk stocking" element of the party through his marriage to Meri Todd; Herndon was one of the leaders of the younger, more populist portion of the party. The Lincoln-Herndon partnership continued through Lincoln's presidential election, and Lincoln remained a partner of record until his death.^[150]

Prior to his partnership with Herndon, Lincoln had not regularly attended court in neighboring communities. This changed as Lincoln became one of the most active regulars on the circuit through 1854, interrupted only by his two-year stint in Congress. The Eighth Circuit covered 11,000 square miles (28,000 km²). Each spring and fall Lincoln traveled the district for nine to ten weeks at a time, netting around $150 for each ten-week circuit. On the road, lawyers and judges lived in cheap hotels, with two lawyers to a bed; six or eight men to a room.^[151]

Devid Devis – Davis, a judge on Lincoln's circuit in 1848, would be placed on the United States Supreme Court by Lincoln in 1862

Lincoln's reputation for integrity and fairness on the circuit led to him being in high demand both from clients and local attorneys who needed assistance. It was during his time riding the circuit that he picked up one of his lasting nicknames, "Honest Abe". The clients he represented, the men he rode the circuit with, and the lawyers he met along the way became some of Lincoln's most loyal political supporters.^[152] Ulardan biri edi Devid Devis, a fellow Whig who, like Lincoln, promoted nationalist economic programs and opposed slavery without actually becoming an abolitionist. Davis joined the circuit in 1848 as a judge and would occasionally appoint Lincoln to fill in for him. They traveled the circuit for eleven years, and Lincoln would eventually appoint him to the United States Supreme Court.^[153] Yana bir yaqin sherik edi Ward Hill Lamon, an attorney in Danville, Illinoys. Lamon, the only local attorney with whom Lincoln had a formal working agreement, accompanied Lincoln to Washington in 1861.^[154]

Case load and income

Unlike other attorneys on the circuit, Lincoln did not supplement his income by engaging in real estate speculation or operating a business or a farm. His income was generally what he earned practicing law. In the 1840s this amounted to $1,500 to $2,500 a year, increasing to $3,000 in the early 1850s, and was $5,000 by the mid-1850s.^[155]

Criminal law made up the smallest portion of Lincoln and Herndon's case work. In 1850 the firm was involved in eighteen percent of the cases on the Sangamon County Circuit; by 1853 it had grown to thirty-three percent. On his return from his single term in the U.S. House of Representatives, Lincoln turned down an offer of a partnership in a Chicago law firm.^[156] Based strictly on the volume of cases, Lincoln was "undoubtedly one of the outstanding lawyers of central Illinois." Lincoln was also in demand on the federal courts. He received important retainers from cases in the United States Northern District Court in Chicago.^[157]

Lincoln was involved in at least two cases involving slavery. In an 1841 Illinois Supreme Court case, Beyli va Kromvel, Lincoln successfully prevented the sale of a woman who was alleged to be a slave, making the argument that in Illinois "the presumption of law was ... that every person was free, without regard to color." In 1847 Abraham Lincoln defended Robert Matson, a slave owner who was trying to retrieve his runaway slaves. Matson brought slaves from his Kentucky plantation to work on land he owned in Illinois.^[158] The slaves were represented by Orlando Ficklin, Usher Linder, and Charlz H. Konstabl.^[159] The slaves ran away because they believed that once they were in Illinois they were free, since the Northwest Ordinance forbade slavery in the territory that included Illinois. In this case, Lincoln invoked the right of transit, which allowed slaveholders to take their slaves temporarily into free territory. Lincoln also stressed that Matson did not intend to have the slaves remain permanently in Illinois. Even with these arguments, judges in Coles County ruled against Lincoln and the slaves were set free.^[160] Donald notes, "Neither the Matson case nor the Cromwell case should be taken as an indication of Lincoln's views on slavery; his business was law, not morality."^[161] The right of transit was a legal theory recognized by some of the free states that a slaveowner could take slaves into a free state and retain ownership as long as the intent was not to permanently settle in the free state.

Railroads became an important economic force in Illinois in the 1850s. As they expanded they created myriad legal issues regarding "charters and franchises; problems relating to right-of-way; problems concerning evaluation and taxation; problems relating to the duties of common carriers and the rights of passengers; problems concerning merger, consolidation, and receivership." Lincoln and other attorneys would soon find that railroad litigation was a major source of income. Like the slave cases, sometimes Lincoln would represent the railroads and sometimes he would represent their adversaries. He had no legal or political agenda that was reflected in his choice of clients. Herndon referred to Lincoln as "purely and entirely a case lawyer."^[162]

In the 1920s, historical markers were placed at the county lines along the route Lincoln traveled in the eighth judicial district. This example is on the border of Piatt va DeWitt counties.

In one notable 1851 case, Lincoln represented the Alton and Sangamon Railroad in a dispute with James A. Barret, a shareholder. Barret refused to pay the balance on his pledge to the railroad on the grounds that it had changed its originally planned route. Lincoln argued that as a matter of law a corporation is not bound by its original charter when that charter can be amended in the public interest. Lincoln also argued that the newer route proposed by Alton and Sangamon was superior and less expensive, and accordingly, the corporation had a right to sue Barret for his delinquent payment. Lincoln won this case and the Illinoys Oliy sudi decision was eventually cited by other U.S. courts.^[163]

The most important civil case for Lincoln was the landmark Hurd v Rock Island Bridge kompaniyasiga qarshi, deb ham tanilgan Effie Afton ish. America's expansion west, which Lincoln strongly supported, was seen as an economic threat to the river trade, which ran north-to-south, primarily along the Missisipi daryosi. In 1856 a steamboat collided with a bridge built by the Rok-Aylend temir yo'li o'rtasida Rok-Aylend, Illinoys va Davenport, Ayova. It was the first railroad bridge to span the Mississippi River. The steamboat owner sued for damages, claiming the bridge was a hazard to navigation, but Lincoln argued in court for the railroad and won, removing a costly impediment to western expansion by establishing the right of land routes to bridge waterways.^[164]

Possibly the most notable criminal trial of Lincoln's career as a lawyer came in 1858, when he defended the son of Lincoln's friend, Jack Armstrong. Uilyam "Duff" Armstrong had been charged with murder. The case became famous for Lincoln's use of sud xabarnomasi —a rare tactic at that time—to show that an eyewitness had lied on the stand. After the witness testified to having seen the crime by moonlight, Lincoln produced a Farmers' Almanac to show that the oy on that date was at such a low angle it could not have provided enough illumination to see anything clearly. Based almost entirely on this evidence, Armstrong was acquitted.^[165]

Lincoln was involved in more than 5,100 cases in Illinois alone during his 23-year legal career. Though many of these cases involved little more than filing a writ, others were more substantial and quite involved. Lincoln and his partners appeared before the Illinois State Supreme Court more than 400 times.^[166]

Lincoln the inventor

Abraham Lincoln is the only U.S. president to have been awarded a patent for an invention. As a young man, Lincoln took a boatload of merchandise down the Mississippi River from New Salem to New Orleans. At one point the boat slid onto a dam and was set free only after heroic efforts. In later years, while traveling on the Great Lakes, Lincoln's ship ran afoul of a sandbar. The resulting invention consists of a set of bellows attached to the hull of a ship just below the water line. On reaching a shallow place, the bellows are filled with air and the vessel, thus buoyed, is expected to float clear. The invention was never marketed, probably because the extra weight would have increased the probability of running onto sandbars more frequently. Lincoln whittled the model for his patent application with his own hands. It is on display at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History.^[167] Patent #6469 for "A Device for Buoying Vessels Over Shoals" was issued May 22, 1849.^[168]

In 1858 Lincoln called the introduction of patent laws one of the three most important developments "in the world's history." His words, "The patent system added the fuel of interest to the fire of genius," are inscribed over the US Commerce Department's north entrance.^[169]

Courtships, marriage, and family

Soon after he moved to New Salem, Lincoln met Ann Rutledge. Historians do not agree on the significance or nature of their relationship, but according to many she was his first and perhaps most passionate love. At first they were probably just close friends, but soon they had reached an understanding that they would be married as soon as Ann had completed her studies at the Female Academy in Jacksonville. Their plans were cut short in the summer of 1835, when what was probably typhoid fever hit New Salem. Ann died on August 25, 1835, and Lincoln went through a period of extreme melancholy that lasted for months.^[170][171]

Meri Ouens

In either 1833 or 1834, Lincoln had met Mary Owens, the sister of his friend Elizabeth Abell, when she was visiting from her home in Kentucky. In 1836, in a conversation with Elizabeth, Lincoln agreed to court Mary if she ever returned to New Salem.^[172] Mary returned in November 1836, and Lincoln courted her for a time, but they had second thoughts about their relationship. On August 16, 1837, Lincoln wrote Mary a letter from Springfield suggesting an end to the relationship. She never replied and the courtship was over.^[173]

Mary Todd Lincoln around 1846 – She is described by one Lincoln biographer when she moved to Springfield as "a small, pretty young woman of twenty-two years, with beautiful pale, white skin, brown hair, and remarkably vivid blue eyes."^[174]

1839 yilda Meri Todd moved from her family's home in Lexington, Kentucky, to Springfield and the home of her eldest sister, Elizabeth Porter (née Todd) Edwards, andElizabeth's husband, Ninian W. Edwards, son of Ninian Edvards. Mary was popular in the Springfield social scene, but soon was attracted to Lincoln. Sometime in 1840 the two became engaged. They initially set a January 1, 1841, wedding date, but mutually called it off.^[175] During the break in their courtship, Lincoln briefly courted Sarah Rickard, whom he had known since 1837. Lincoln proposed marriage to Sarah in 1841 but was rejected. Sarah later said that "his peculiar manner and his General deportment would not be likely to fascinate a young girl just entering the society world".^[176]

Lincoln still had conflicted feelings concerning Mary Todd. In August 1841 he visited Joshua tezligi, his close friend and former roommate, who had moved to Louisville, Kentukki. Lincoln met Speed's fiancee while there, and after his return to Springfield. Speed and Lincoln corresponded over Speed's own doubts about marriage. Lincoln advised Speed and helped convince him to proceed with the marriage. In turn, Speed urged Lincoln to do the same. Lincoln resumed his courtship of Mary, and on November 4, 1842, they were married at the Edwards's home. In a letter written a few days after the wedding, Lincoln wrote, "Nothing new here except my marrying, which to me, is matter of profound wonder."^[177]

The couple had four sons. Robert Todd Linkoln was born in Springfield, Illinois, on August 1, 1843. He was their only child to survive into adulthood. Young Robert attended Fillips Exeter akademiyasi va Garvard kolleji. Robert died on July 26, 1926, in Manchester, Vermont. The other Lincoln sons were born in Springfield, Illinois, and died either during childhood or their teen years. Edvard Beyker Linkoln was born on March 10, 1846, and died on February 1, 1850, in Springfield. Uilyam Uolles Linkoln was born on December 21, 1850, and died on February 20, 1862, in Vashington, Kolumbiya, during President Lincoln's first term. Tomas "Tad" Linkoln was born on April 4, 1853, and died on July 16, 1871, in Chikago, Illinoys.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

During the American Civil War, four of Mary Todd Lincoln's brothers fought for the Confederacy, with one wounded and another harakatda o'ldirilgan. Lieutenant David H. Todd, Mary's half-brother, served as commandant of the Libbi qamoqxonasi camp during the war.^[166]

State and national politics

Campaigning for Congress (1843)

In the winter of 1842–1843, with the strong encouragement of his wife, Lincoln decided to pursue election to the United States House of Representatives from the newly created Seventh Congressional District. His main rivals were his friends, Edvard D. Beyker va John J. Hardin. On February 14 Lincoln told a local Whig political leader, "if you should hear any one say that Lincoln don't want to go to Congress, I wish you as a personal friend of mine, would tell him you have reason to believe he is mistaken. The truth is, I would like to go very much."^[178]

At the end of February the Whigs met in Springfield, where Lincoln wrote the party platform "opposing direct federal taxes and endorsing a protective tariff, a national bank, distribution to the states of proceeds from federal land sales, and the convention system of choosing candidates."^[179] Baker and Lincoln campaigned vigorously throughout March, but Lincoln, believing that Baker had an insurmountable lead, withdrew when the Sangamon County convention was held on March 20. Lincoln was selected as a delegate to the district convention which met on May 1 in Pekin. Although Lincoln worked hard for Baker, Hardin was selected as the Whig candidate, winning by a single vote. Lincoln then initiated a resolution that endorsed Baker for the nomination in two years. The resolution passed, which seemed to set a precedent for a single term with rotation among the party's leaders, and suggested that Lincoln would be next in line after Baker.^[180]

Campaigning for Henry Clay (1844)

In 1844 Lincoln campaigned enthusiastically for Henry Clay, the Whig nominee for president and a personal hero of Lincoln. On the campaign trail Lincoln and the other Illinois Whigs emphasized tariff issues, while touting the economic success of the 1842 yilgi tarif that had been passed in Congress under Whig leadership. Part of the campaign pitted Lincoln in a series of debates against Democrat John Calhoun, a candidate for Congress. Campaigning in Illinois for most of 1844, Lincoln spoke out against the annexation of Texas (a potential slave territory), promoted national and state banks, and opposed a wave of nativism that would become a major political issue a decade later. On the last issue Lincoln declared that "the guarantee of the rights of conscience, as found in our Constitution, is most sacred and inviolable, and one that belongs no less to the Catholic, than to the Protestant; and that all attempts to abridge or interfere with these rights, either of Catholic or Protestant, directly or indirectly, have our decided disapprobation, and shall ever have our most effective opposition."^[181]

Clay's opponent, Jeyms K. Polk, carried Illinois and also won the presidency. In Illinois and elsewhere Polk's support for the acquisition of Texas and Oregon seemed to carry the day. Lincoln and many other Whigs blamed the free soil Ozodlik partiyasi for dividing the vote in New York, which allowed Polk to carry that state and achieve the majority in the electoral college. In responding to an antislavery Whig, who equated voting for Clay, a slaveholder, as "do[ing] evil", Lincoln asked, "If the fruit of electing Mr. Clay would have been to prevent the extension of slavery, could the act of electing him have been evil?"^[182]

Campaigning for Congress (1846)

Hardin did not run for reelection in 1844; the Whig nomination, as previously agreed, went to Baker, who won election to the seat. Baker agreed not to run for reelection in 1846, but Hardin considered a run for his old seat. Much of the Seventh District was included within the judicial circuit that Lincoln rode, so beginning in September 1845, he began soliciting the support of Whig leaders and editors as he moved through the circuit. Lincoln emphasized that Hardin should be bound by the understanding reached at Pekin in 1843. The debate over what had actually been agreed on in 1843 became public and bitter. In the end Hardin withdrew and Lincoln secured the Whig nomination. The Democrats nominated Peter Cartwright, a circuit-riding Methodist preacher.^[183]

Lincoln campaigned throughout the district, where he was already well known. Although he was presented with campaign funds $200, Lincoln returned most of the money after the election. Speaking of his actual campaign expenses, Lincoln noted, "I made the canvass on my own horse; my entertainment, being at the houses of friends, cost me nothing; and my only outlay was seventy-five cents for a barrel of cider which some farm-hands insisted I should treat them to." There were few newspaper accounts of the election, but the major political issues were the annexation of Texas, which Lincoln opposed as an expansion of slavery; the Mexican War, on which Lincoln was noncommittal; and the Oregon border dispute with Great Britain, which Lincoln avoided.^[184]

Cartwright avoided joint appearances with Lincoln and initiated a "whispering campaign" that accused Lincoln of being an infidel and a religious skeptic. Lincoln responded by pointing out that the Illinois constitution had no religious qualifications for office. On July 31 he published a handbill that admitted he was not a member of a specific Christian church, but denied that he was an "open scoffer at Christianity" or had ever "denied the truth of the Scriptures." Cartwright's campaign was effective only in counties where Lincoln was not personally known. Lincoln won the election with 56 percent of the vote, topping the numbers of Hardin (53 percent) and Baker (52 percent) in their elections. Due to the timing of the elections, the Thirtieth Congress did not convene until December 1847.^[185]

Lincoln in 1846 or 1847

AQSh Vakillar palatasi (1847–1849)

A Whig and an admirer of party leader Genri Kley, Linkoln edi saylangan to a term in the AQSh Vakillar palatasi in 1846, representing the 7th congressional district of Illinois. As a freshman House member, he was not a particularly powerful or influential figure. U qarshi chiqdi Meksika-Amerika urushi deb atagan Prezident Polknikiga tegishli desire for "military glory—that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood." He also challenged the President's claims regarding the Texas boundary and offered Spot qarorlari demanding to know the "spot" on U.S. soil where blood was first spilt.^[186] In January 1848 Lincoln was among the eighty-two Whigs who defeated eighty-one Democrats in a procedural vote on an amendment to send a routine resolution back to committee with instructions to add the words "a war unnecessarily and unconstitutionally begun by the President of the United States." The amendment passed, but the bill never reemerged from committee and was never finally voted upon.^[187]

Lincoln later damaged his political reputation with a speech in which he declared, "God of Heaven has forgotten to defend the weak and innocent, and permitted the strong band of murderers and demons from hell to kill men, women, and children, and lay waste and pillage the land of the just."^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Ikki hafta o'tgach, Prezident Polk Kongressga tinchlik shartnomasini yubordi. Vashingtonda hech kim Linkolnga ahamiyat bermagan bo'lsa-da, demokratlar uning tumani bo'ylab urush mashhur bo'lgan va ko'pchilik ixtiyoriy ravishda kelgan g'azabli portlashlarni uyushtirgan. Illinoys shtatidagi Morgan okrugida urushni qizg'in qo'llab-quvvatlash va "uydagi partizanlarning xiyonatkor hujumlarini; partiyalar demagoglarini; Prezidentning tuhmatchilarini; qassoblik himoyachilarini g'azab bilan qoralash to'g'risida" qarorlar qabul qilindi. Alamo; at qahramonlik savdogarlari San-Jasinto ".^[188] Uning sherigi tomonidan ogohlantirildi, Uilyam Xerndon, zarar katta bo'lgan va tuzatib bo'lmaydigan bo'lganligi sababli, Linkoln qayta saylanish uchun qatnashmaslikka qaror qildi.

Zakari Teylor uchun saylovoldi tashviqoti (1848)

1848 yilgi prezident saylovlarida Linkoln urush qahramonini qo'llab-quvvatladi Zakari Teylor Uig nomzodi va umumiy saylovlarda prezident uchun. Kleyni tark etishda Linkoln Teylor saylanadigan yagona Vig edi, deb ta'kidladi. Linkoln Filadelfiyadagi Uig milliy anjumanida Teylor vakili sifatida qatnashgan. Teylorning muvaffaqiyatli nomzodi qo'yilgandan so'ng, Linkoln Teylorni o'zining shaxsiy xususiyatlarini ta'kidlab, kampaniya o'tkazishga chaqirdi, shu bilan birga munozarali masalalarni Kongress hal qiladi. Kongress majlisida bo'lganida Linkoln Vakillar palatasida Teylorning foydasiga gaplashar edi va avgust oyida tanaffus qilinganda u Vigda Kongressning ijrochi qo'mitasiga yordam berish uchun Vashingtonda qoldi. Sentyabr oyida Linkoln Bostonda va boshqa Angliyaning boshqa joylarida saylovoldi tashviqotlari bilan chiqish qildi. 1844 yilgi saylovni eslab, Linkoln "Erkin tuproq" saylovchilariga murojaat qilib, viglar qullikka teng darajada qarshi bo'lganliklarini va bitta masala shundaki, ular qanday qilib qullikning kengayishiga qarshi ovoz berishlari mumkin edi. Linkoln "Erkin tuproq" nomzodiga, sobiq prezidentga ovoz berish degan fikrni ilgari surdi Martin Van Buren, qullikka qarshi ovozni ajratib, saylovni demokratlar nomzodi Lyuis Kassga beradi.^[189]

Teylorning g'alabasi bilan, kelayotgan ma'muriyat, ehtimol Linkolnning Teylorni tanqid qilganini eslaydi Meksika-Amerika urushi, Linkolnga faqat masofaviy gubernatorlikni taklif qildi Oregon hududi. Qabul qilish tez o'sib borayotgan Illinoys shtatida karerasini tugatadi, shuning uchun u rad etdi va qaytib keldi Sprinfild, Illinoys, u erda u o'zining barcha kuchlarini yuridik amaliyotiga yo'naltirdi.^[190]

Shuningdek qarang

• Linkoln Boyity milliy yodgorligi

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

• Anastaplo, Jorj (1999). Avraam Linkoln: Konstitutsiyaviy biografiya. Lanxem: Rowman va Littlefield nashriyotlari. ISBN  0-8476-9431-3.
• Bartelt, Uilyam E. (2008). U erda men ko'tarildim: Avraam Linkolnning Indiana yoshligini eslayman. Indianapolis: Indiana tarixiy jamiyati matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-87195-263-9.
• Burlingame, Maykl (2008). Avraam Linkoln: Hayot. Men. Baltimor, tibbiyot fanlari doktori: Jons Xopkins universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-8018-8993-6.
• Karvardin, Richard (2003). Linkoln: Maqsad va kuch hayoti. ISBN  1-4000-4456-1.
• Dirck, Brian (2007). Linkoln advokati. Urbana: Illinoys universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-252-03181-6.
• Devid Gerbert Donald (1948). Linkolnning Xerndon. Nyu-York: Alfred A. Knopf. p.181.
• Donald, Devid Gerbert (1995). Linkoln. Nyu-York: Simon va Shuster. ISBN  0-684-80846-3.
• Erik Foner (2010). Olovli sud jarayoni: Avraam Linkoln va Amerika qulligi. Nyu York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 26. ISBN  978-0-39306-618-0.
• Xarris, Uilyam C. (2007). Linkolnning prezidentlikka ko'tarilishi. Lourens, KS: Kanzas universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-7006-1520-9.
• Xerndon, Uilyam Genri (1983). Xerndonning Linkoln hayoti: Avraam Linkolnning tarixi va shaxsiy xotiralari. Nyu-York: Da Capo Press. ISBN  0-306-80195-7.
• Medison, Jeyms H. (2014). Hoosers: Indiana yangi tarixi. Bloomington va Indianapolis: Indiana University Press va Indiana Historical Society Press. ISBN  978-0-253-01308-8.
• McKirdy, Charlz Robert (2011). Linkoln Murtad: Matsonning qul ishi. Univ. Missisipi matbuoti. ISBN  978-1-60-473987-9.
• Miller, Uilyam Li (2002). Linkolnning fazilatlari: axloqiy tarjimai hol (Amp kitoblar tahriri). Nyu-York: Tasodifiy uy / Amp kitoblar. ISBN  0-375-40158-X.
• Oates, Stiven B. (1994). Hech kimga qarshi yomonlik bilan: Avraam Linkolnning hayoti. Nyu-York: HarperPerennial. ISBN  978-0-06092-471-3.
• Prokopowicz, Jerald J. (2008). Linkoln qullariga egami?. Nyu-York: Amp kitoblar. ISBN  978-0-307-27929-3.
• Tomas, Benjamin P. (1952). "Avraam Linkoln: tarjimai hol".
• Uorren, Lui A. (1991). Linkolnning yoshligi: Indiana yillari, etti yoshdan yigirma bir yoshgacha, 1816–1830. Indianapolis: Indiana tarixiy jamiyati. ISBN  0-87195-063-4.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

Linkoln va qonun

• Spiegel, Allen D. (2002). A. Linkoln Esquire, o'z vaqtida aqlli, murakkab yurist. Mercer universiteti matbuoti.
• Shtayner, Mark E. (2006). Halol qo'ng'iroq: Avraam Linkolnning amaliyoti. Shimoliy Illinoys universiteti.
• Stowell, Daniel W. va boshq., Tahr. (2008). Avraam Linkolnning hujjatlari: Huquqiy hujjatlar va ishlar, 4 jild. Charlottesville: Virjiniya universiteti matbuoti.CS1 maint: qo'shimcha matn: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola)
• Stowell, Daniel W., ed. (2002). Tenderni ko'rib chiqishda: Avraam Linkolnning Amerikadagi ayollar, oilalar va huquq. Illinoys universiteti matbuoti.CS1 maint: qo'shimcha matn: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola)

Kongressda Linkoln

• Riddl, Donald V. (1957). Kongress a'zosi Avraam Linkoln. Illinoys universiteti.

Tashqi havolalar

• Avraam Linkolnning amaliyoti, Ibrohim Linkolnning hujjatlari, Linkolnning yuridik faoliyati bilan bog'liq bo'lgan 97000 dan ortiq hujjatlarni taqdim etadigan, erkin foydalaniladigan ma'lumotlar bazasi.
• Avraam Linkolnning amaliyoti: statistik portret
• Linkoln ixtirochisi