Katrina bo'ronining Yangi Orleandagi ta'siri - Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans - Wikipedia

Katrina bo'roni
3-toifali yirik bo'ron (SSHWS /NWS )
Katrina-noaaGOES12.jpg
Katrina bo'roni eng yuqori intensivlikka yaqinlashmoqda
Shakllangan2005 yil 29 avgust
Yo'qotilgan2005 yil 29 avgust
Eng kuchli shamollar1 daqiqa davom etdi: 125 milya (205 km / soat)
Eng past bosim920 mbar (hPa ); 27.17 ng
Halok bo'lganlarJami 1464 tagacha
Zarar70 milliard dollar (2005 y.) USD )
Ta'sir qilingan joylarBuyuk Yangi Orlean
Qismi 2005 yil Atlantika dovuli mavsumi

Katrina bo'roni
Katrina-noaaGOES12.jpg
2005 yil Atlantika dovuli mavsumi
Umumiy
Ta'sir
Yengillik
Tahlil
Tashqi havolalar

Markazi sifatida Katrina bo'roni janubi-sharqdan o'tgan Yangi Orlean 2005 yil 29 avgustda shahar markazidagi shamollar tez-tez kuchli shamollar bilan 1-toifa oralig'ida bo'lgan. Dovul ko'tarilishi drenaj kanali va navigatsiya kanallari oqimlari va toshqinlar devorlarida taxminan 23 ta buzilishlarni keltirib chiqardi. Maqsadga muvofiq 1965 yilgi toshqinlarni nazorat qilish to'g'risidagi qonun, shahar ko'chalarini loyihalashtirish va qurish uchun javobgarlik Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining muhandislar korpusi va ularni saqlash uchun javobgarlik Orlean Levee kengashi.[1][2] Katrina paytida suv toshqinlari va toshqin suvlarining ishlamay qolishi mutaxassislar tomonidan AQSh tarixidagi eng yomon muhandislik halokati deb hisoblanmoqda.[3] 2005 yil 31 avgustga qadar Nyu-Orleanning 80% suv ostida qoldi, ba'zi qismlari 15 fut (4,6 m) suv ostida. Mashhur Frantsuz kvartali va Bog 'tumani toshqinlardan qutulib qoldi, chunki bu joylar dengiz sathidan baland. Asosiy qoidabuzarliklarga quyidagilar kiradi 17-ko'cha kanali levee, the Sanoat kanali levee va London avenyu kanali toshqin devor. Ushbu buzilishlar suv toshqinining aksariyat qismini keltirib chiqardi Amerika qurilish muhandislari jamiyati.[4] Toshqin falokati neft qazib olish va qayta ishlashni to'xtatdi, bu esa butun dunyo bo'ylab neft narxlarini oshirdi.

Bo'ron boshlanishidan oldin Nyu-Orlean aholisining 80-90 foizini evakuatsiya qilishdi, bu esa evakuatsiya choralarining ba'zi bir muvaffaqiyatlaridan dalolat beradi.[5] Shunga qaramay, ko'pchilik shaharda qoldi, asosan shaxsiy transport vositalariga ega bo'lmaganlar yoki mahalliy hokimiyatlarning yangiliklarini tarqatishdan ajralib qolishdi. The Louisiana superdome evakuatsiya qila olmaganlarning ba'zilarini uy-joy bilan ta'minlash va qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ishlatilgan. Televizion kadrlar Nyu-Orleanda sodir bo'lgan toshqinning ramzi sifatida "Superdome" ga tez-tez e'tibor qaratdi.

Tabiiy ofat katta qismga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi aholi, iqtisodiyot va siyosat butun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining. Bu Kongressda armiya muhandislari korpusini qayta ko'rib chiqishga va qismlarning muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lishiga sabab bo'ldi federal tarzda qurilgan toshqinlardan himoya qilish Mutaxassislar rozi bo'lgan tizim shahar aholisini Katrinaning shovqinidan himoya qilishi kerak edi. Katrina akademik hamjamiyatda shaharsozlik, ko'chmas mulkni moliyalashtirish va tabiiy ofatdan keyin iqtisodiy masalalar bo'yicha muhim tadqiqotlarni rag'batlantirdi.[6]

Fon

Suv toshqini Quyi to'qqizinchi palata keyin Yangi Orlean Betsi bo'roni 1965 yilda.

Yangi Orlean tabiiy baland balandlikda joylashgan Missisipi daryosi. Oxir-oqibat yaqin atrofga cho'zilgan keyingi o'zgarishlar Pontchartrain ko‘li ularni o'rtacha ko'l darajasidan yuqori darajaga ko'tarish uchun to'ldirilgan holda qurilgan. Suv orqali olib boriladigan tijoratni rivojlantirish uchun ko'ldan shaharning ichki qismigacha harakatlanadigan tijorat suv yo'llari. 1940 yilda Ichki Makon Navigatsiya Kanali qurilganidan so'ng, davlat ushbu suv yo'llarini yopib, shaharning suv sathini keskin pasayishiga olib keldi.

1965 yilda kuchli suv toshqini sabab bo'ldi Betsi bo'roni dovullardan toshqin bilan bog'liq muammolarni birinchi o'ringa olib chiqdi. O'sha yili Kongress o'tdi 1965 yilgi toshqinlarni nazorat qilish to'g'risidagi qonun boshqa masalalar qatorida suv toshqinlaridan muhofaza qilishni loyihalashtirish va qurish vakolatini bergan Yangi Orlean metropoliteni uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining muhandislar korpusi, xarajatlarni taqsimlash printsiplariga rioya qilgan holda, ulardan ba'zilari keyinchalik qonunchilik bilan bekor qilingan. Loyihalar qurib bo'lingandan so'ng, mahalliy munitsipalitetlarga texnik xizmat ko'rsatish vazifasi yuklatildi. 1965 yildan so'ng, korpus oldingi botqoq va botqoqni o'z ichiga olgan ancha kattaroq geografik iz atrofida bir yo'lni qurdi. Shahar atrofidagi turmush tarzini afzal ko'rgan, ammo Nyu-Orlean shaharlari chegaralarida qolishga ochiq bo'lganlarga xizmat qilish uchun ko'plab yangi bo'linmalar ishlab chiqilgan. Tarixchilar nima uchun eng sharqiy hudud rivojlangan deb savol berishadi, chunki u yashashga yaroqli suv-botqoq erlar edi va chunki bu mintaqani zinapoyalar bilan bog'lash shaharni himoya qilish uchun hech qanday ahamiyatga ega emas edi. Qaysi kengayish amalga oshirilishi mumkin bo'lgan er hajmini ko'paytirish edi va bu Armiya Korpusi uchun o'z loyihasining hajmini kengaytirish uchun sabab bo'ldi. Bundan tashqari, tuzilmalar sabab bo'ldi cho'kish asosiy organik tuproqlarning konsolidatsiyasi tufayli ba'zi joylarda 8 futdan (2,4 m) gacha.

1999-2001 yillarda Tulane arxitektura maktabi xodimi Richard Kampanella boshchiligidagi tadqiqot ishlatilgan LIDAR texnologiyasi va shaharlashgan shahar qismlarining er yuzasining 51% tashkil etganligini aniqladi Orlean, Jefferson va Sankt-Bernard cherkovlar dengiz sathidan yoki yuqorida joylashgan bo'lib, eng baland mahallalar dengiz sathidan o'rtacha 10-12 fut (3,0-3,7 m) balandlikda joylashgan.[7] Qirq to'qqiz foizi dengiz sathidan pastroq, teng chuqurlikdagi joylarda yotadi.

Ruxsat berilganda, toshqinlarni nazorat qilish loyihasi va qurilishi 13 yil davomida bajarilishi kerak edi. Katrina 2005 yilda quruqlikka tushganida, loyiha 60 yildan 90 foizgacha bajarilgan, avtorizatsiya qilinganidan keyin deyarli 50 yil o'tgach, 2015 yilga mo'ljallangan tugallanishi rejalashtirilgan.[8] Jorj dovuli 1998 yil sentyabr oyida ba'zi olimlar, muhandislar va siyosatchilarni kollektiv rejalashtirishga galvanizatsiya qildi Ilmiy Amerika 2001 yil oktyabr oyida "Yangi Orlean - bu kutilayotgan ofat" deb e'lon qildi.[9] Biroq, Katrinadan oldin evakuatsiya qilish uchun rasmiylarning eng talabchan chaqiriqlari ham bu yo'llar buzilishi mumkinligi haqida ogohlantirmadi.[10]

2005 yil 29 avgustda butun metro hududida toshqin devorlari va suv o'tkazgichlari halokatli ravishda ishlamay qoldi. Ko'pchilik dizayn chegaralaridan ancha pastroqqa qulab tushdi (masalan, 17-ko'cha va London kanallari). Boshqalari (masalan, Sanoat kanali) qisqa vaqtdan oshib ketgandan so'ng qulab tushdi, tuproqning devorlarini "tozalash" yoki emirilish. Yangi Orleanning sharqida, bo'ylab levelar Ko'rfazdagi intrakoastal suv yo'li bir nechta joylarda muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi, chunki ular loy o'rniga qum va yemiriladigan materiallar bilan qurilgan, bu aniq qurilish nuqsoni.

Nyu-Orleanning huquqni muhofaza qilish idoralari tarixi

Katrina bo'ronidan oldin Nyu-Orlean huquq-tartibot idoralari tartibsizlikda edilar. Bu yuqori lavozimdagi amaldorlarning korruptsiyasi bilan to'lib toshgan va kam maoshli xodimlar ko'chalarni boshqargan. Ushbu ijro o'z fuqarolarining ishonchini yo'qotdi va politsiya shafqatsizligini past darajada ushlab tura olmadi. Shaharning uyushqoqligi Nyu-Orlean politsiya boshqarmasi (NOPD) va uning qamoqxonasi - Orlean Parish Prison (OPP) uchun tegishli uskunalar va favqulodda vaziyatlarni rejalashtirish uchun mablag 'yetarli emasligiga olib keldi. Huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari bilan bir qatorda shahar tuman prokuraturasi ham juda kam mablag 'bilan ta'minlagan.[11] Har bir prokurorga atigi 30 ming dollar va davlat himoyachilariga atigi 29 ming dollar to'langan.[12] Ushbu jamoat himoyachilarining daromadi shahar aholisining transport chiptalari va sud to'lovlari hisobiga amalga oshirildi. Ushbu daromadlar ko'pincha bir-biriga mos kelmas edi, bu esa o'z navbatida ushbu kam ish haqiga olib keldi. Nyu-Orleanda har yili barcha ishlarni ko'rib chiqish uchun faqat 30 ta davlat himoyachisi bo'lgan.[12] Bo'rondan bir necha kun oldin, Nyu-Orlean Parish qamoqxonasida tayyorgarlikning yo'qligi evakuatsiya rejalarini e'tiborsiz qoldirdi. Ushbu tayyorgarlikning yo'qligi keyinchalik Amerikaning eng zararli bo'ronlaridan biri paytida mahbuslarning azoblanishiga olib keldi.

Katrinadan oldingi tayyorgarlik

Asosiy maqola: Nyu-Orleandagi bo'ronga tayyorlik

Katrina dovulining ko'zi Yangi Orlean shahri orqali o'tishi taxmin qilingan. Bunda bo'ron o'tib, shimoldan shamol kelishi va katta miqdordagi suvni majburlashi bashorat qilingan edi Pontchartrain ko‘li ko'chalarga qarshi va ehtimol shaharga. Shuningdek, Pontchartrain ko'lidagi bo'ron ko'tarilishi 14-18 futga (4,3-5,5 m) etadi, to'lqinlar bo'ron ko'tarilishidan 7 metrga (2 m) etadi.[13]

28 avgust kuni soat 10:00 da CDT, Milliy ob-havo xizmati Nyu-Orleandagi (NWS) dala vakolatxonasi chiqarildi byulleten Yangi Orlean va uning atrofidagi mintaqaga halokatli zarar etkazilishini bashorat qilish. Kutilayotgan effektlarga, hech bo'lmaganda, shahardagi yaxshi qurilgan uylarning yarmini qisman yo'q qilish, sanoat binolarining ko'pchiligiga jiddiy zarar etkazish, ularni yaroqsiz holatga keltirish, yog'ochdan yasalgan barcha kam qavatli uylarning "butunlay yo'q qilinishi" kiradi. , ko'p qavatli ofis binolarida barcha oynalar portlashi va daraxtlar, telefon ustunlari, avtoulovlar va qulab tushgan binolarning ulkan axlat maydonini yaratish.[14] Toza suv etishmasligi "zamonaviy azob-uqubatlarga binoan inson azobini aql bovar qilmaydigan qilib qo'yishi" bashorat qilingan.

Shuningdek, bo'ron ko'tarilishi oqibatida turg'un suv shaharning ko'p qismini bir necha hafta davomida yashashga yaroqsiz holga keltirishi va atrofdagi neft va neft-kimyo qayta ishlash zavodlarining vayron qilinishi chiqindilarni toshqin suvlariga to'kib yuborishi taxmin qilingan. Natijada paydo bo'lgan tartibsizlik har qanday sirtni qoplaydi va shaharni zaharli botqoqqa aylantirib, suv oqgunicha. Ba'zi ekspertlarning ta'kidlashicha, shahar ichidagi barcha suvlarni chiqarish uchun olti oy yoki undan ko'p vaqt ketishi mumkin.[15]

Evakuatsiya tartibi

Shanba kuni tunda Maks Mayfild, direktori Milliy bo'ron markazi, ilgari faqat bir marta qilgan ishini qildi. U Alabama, Luiziana va Missisipi gubernatorlarini chaqirib, kelayotgan bo'ronning og'irligi to'g'risida ogohlantirdi. U shahar hokimiga maxsus ogohlantirish berdi Rey Nagin, unga Yangi Orleanning katta qismidagi ba'zi ko'chalarni bosib o'tish mumkinligini aytdi. Keyinchalik, janob Mayfild Brayan Uilyamsga NBC Nightly News telekanalida aytganidek, u o'sha kuni u qo'lidan kelganini qilganiga ishongan holda yotgan. Yakshanba kuni u AQSh prezidentiga videoqo'ng'iroq qildi Jorj V.Bush yilda uning fermasida Krouford, Texas bo'ronning og'irligi haqida.

Karnaval kruiz kemalari Ekstaz va Sensatsiya ga bog'langan Yangi Orlean porti qurbonlar uchun uy-joy sifatida foydalanilganda.

Nyu-Orleanning ko'plab aholisi o'z uylarini xavfsiz saqlash va 26-juma va 27-shanba kunlari evakuatsiya qilishga tayyorgarlik ko'rish choralarini ko'rishdi. 27 avgustda Luiziana shtati Federal hukumat tomonidan favqulodda hudud deb e'lon qilindi,[16] va o'sha kuni ertalab o'rtalariga kelib, hali yoqilg'ida bo'lmagan ko'plab mahalliy yoqilg'i quyish shoxobchalari uzoq navbatda turishgan. Nagin dastlab 17:00 da shaharni ixtiyoriy ravishda evakuatsiya qilishga chaqirdi. 27 avgustda va keyinchalik 28 avgust kuni soat 9:30 da shahar bo'ylab majburiy evakuatsiya qilishni buyurdi, bu shahar tarixidagi birinchi tartib.[iqtibos kerak ] Jonli matbuot anjumanida shahar hokimi Nagin "bo'ronning ko'tarilishi, ehtimol bizning oqim tizimimizni ag'darib yuborishini" bashorat qildi va Meksika ko'rfazida neft qazib olish to'xtatilishi haqida ogohlantirdi.

Ko'plab qo'shni hududlar va cherkovlar ham evakuatsiya qilishni talab qilishdi. Kunning ikkinchi yarmiga qadar rasmiylar Plakeminalar, Sankt-Bernard, Avliyo Charlz, Lafourche, Terrebonna, Jefferson, Sent-Tammaniya va Vashington cherkovlar ixtiyoriy yoki majburiy evakuatsiya qilishga chaqirgan edi. "[17]

Shahar meri Rey Nagin shaharni majburiy ravishda evakuatsiya qilishni buyurgan bo'lsa-da, ko'p odamlar ketishdan bosh tortdilar yoki bajara olmadilar. Plaquemines Parish shahrida rasmiylar ortda qolganlarni "o'z hayotlari bilan qimor o'ynash" deb ta'rifladilar.[18] Sabablari juda ko'p edi, shu jumladan ularning uylari yoki ular yashashni rejalashtirgan binolar etarli darajada himoyani ta'minlaydilar, moliyaviy resurslarning etishmasligi yoki transportga kirish imkoniyati yo'qligi yoki o'z mulklarini himoya qilish majburiyatini his qilishlari. Ushbu sabablar o'tgan yilgi evakuatsiya tufayli murakkablashdi Dovul Ivan olti dan o'n soatgacha tirbandlikka olib kelgan tirbandlikka olib keldi. Katrinaning ish haqi cheklari ko'pchilikning qo'lida bo'lishidan bir oy oldin sodir bo'lganligi ham ahamiyatli edi.[19] Da "so'nggi panoh" deb belgilandi Louisiana superdome. 28 avgust kuni tushdan boshlab va bir necha soat davomida harakatlanadigan shahar avtobuslari mahalliy aholini shahar bo'ylab 12 ta qabul qilish punktidan "so'nggi chora-joylar" ga etkazib berish uchun qayta yo'naltirildi.[20]

Ertasi kuni erta tongda Katrina bo'roni qirg'oqqa kelganida, shahar meri Nagin shahar va uning atrofidagi shahar atroflarini bir millionga yaqin odam tark etganini taxmin qildi.[21] 28-avgust oqshomiga qadar shaharda 100000 dan ortiq odam qoldi, 20000 kishi boshpana topdi Louisiana superdome, 300 bilan birga Milliy gvardiya qo'shinlar.[22] Superdome o'tmishda, masalan, 1998 yillarda boshpana sifatida ishlatilgan Jorj dovuli soatiga 200 milya (320 km / soat) gacha bo'lgan shamollarga va 11 metr balandlikdagi suv sathiga bardosh bera oladigan deb taxmin qilingan edi.[23] Ta'minot paytida MRE Superdome-da (ovqatlanishga tayyor ovqat) va shisha suv mavjud edi, Nagin tirik qolganlarga adyol va bir necha kunga etarlicha oziq-ovqat olib kelishini aytdi, bu qulay joy bo'lmaydi.

To'g'ridan-to'g'ri effektlar

Kanal ko'chasidagi qayiqdan Nyu-Orleanning toshqini (2005 yil sentyabr oyining boshlari).
Nazorat punkti To'qqizinchi palata da Sanoat kanali 2005 yil oktyabr oyida. Aholiga yorug'lik paytida mol-mulklarini tekshirishga va qutqarishga ruxsat berildi.

Katrina bo'roni 2005 yil 29-avgust, dushanba kuni Fors ko'rfazi sohilida ikkinchi va uchinchi marta qulab tushdi. 3-toifadagi bo'ron. O'sha kuni mahalliy telekanalning hududiy filiallari WDSU Yangi Orlean armiya korpusi tomonidan qurilgan bir nechta suv o'tkazgichlari buzilganligi sababli keng toshqinni boshdan kechirayotgani, elektr energiyasidan mahrum bo'lganligi va turar joy va ish joylarida bir nechta halokatli zararni boshdan kechirgani haqida xabar berdi. Pontchartrain ko'lining janubiy qirg'og'idagi butun mahallalarni suv bosdi.

Katta suv toshqini Katrina bo'roni o'tganidan ancha vaqt o'tgach, o'z joylarida qolishga majbur bo'lgan ko'plab aholini qamrab oldi. Omon qolganlar butun shahar bo'ylab uylarning tepalarini belgilab qo'yishdi. Ba'zilar uyingizda qamalib qolishgan va qochishga qodir emaslar. Ko'p odamlar lyuklar va chana bolg'alar bilan tomlariga chiqib ketishdi, bu shahar meri Nagin aholini bunday hodisalar yuz berganda ularni uyingizda saqlashga chaqirgan.[24] Toza suv mavjud emas edi, elektr uzilishlari bir necha hafta davom etdi.

Soat 23:00 ga qadar. 29 avgustda shahar meri Nagin shahar bo'ylab, birinchi navbatda sharqiy qismlarda suzib yurgan jasadlar haqida hisobotlar bilan odam halok bo'lishini "muhim" deb ta'rifladi. Ba'zi mehmonxonalar va shifoxonalarda dizel yoqilg'isi tanqisligi haqida xabar berilgan. The Milliy gvardiya jasadlarni joylashtirish uchun tanlangan joylarda vaqtincha o'likxonalarni tashkil qila boshladi.

Aloqa ishlamay qoldi

Katrinadan keyin qutqaruv ishlarini muvofiqlashtirish kommunikatsiya infratuzilmasi buzilganligi sababli qiyin kechdi. Uyali aloqa xizmati va Internet ishlamay qoldi, chunki liniyalarning buzilishi, yo'q qilinishi tayanch stantsiyalar, yoki ba'zi bir tayanch stantsiyalarda o'zlarining zaxira generatorlari bo'lsa ham, elektr uzilishlari. Bir qator holatlarda, muxbirlardan davlat xizmatchilariga ma'lumot boshqa yo'l bilan etib bormaydigan joylardagi sharoitlar to'g'risida ma'lumot berishni so'rashdi.

Barcha mahalliy telekanallar faoliyati to'xtatildi. Mahalliy telekanallar va gazetalar tezda yaqin shaharlarning qardosh joylariga ko'chib ketishdi. New Orleans CBS-ning filiali WWL-TV Baton-Rujdan efirga uzatilgan bo'ron paytida va undan keyin havoda qolgan yagona mahalliy stantsiya edi.[25] Internetda radioeshittirish va nashr etish evakuatsiya qilinganlarga va butun dunyoga axborot tarqatishning muhim vositasiga aylandi. Interdictor va Gulfsails shaharda sodir bo'lgan voqealar haqida xabarlar uchun.[26] Havaskor radio taktik va favqulodda aloqalarni ta'minladi va sog'liqni saqlash va ijtimoiy ta'minot bo'yicha so'rovlarni ko'rib chiqdi. 4-sentabrga qadar Nyu-Orlean shahar markazidagi Hyatt mehmonxonasida vaqtinchalik aloqa markazi tashkil etildi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Milliy televizorda namoyish etilgan Nyu-Orleandan birinchi televizion suratlar Xyustonning ABC telekanaliga tegishli va ishlagan KTRK bo'rondan keyingi kunlarda vertolyotni Yangi Orleanga uchib ketdi.

Binolar va yo'llarning shikastlanishi

Markaziy biznes okrugining bir qismida toshqinning havodan ko'rinishi. The Superdome Katrina kursi davomida ko'plab odamlar joylashgan markazda.

Shaharning katta yo'llarining aksariyati buzilgan. Shahardan chiqadigan yagona yo'l - sharqiy Yangi Orleanning g'arbiy sohiligacha bo'lgan Yarim oy shahar aloqasi ko'prik. The I-10 egizak ko'prik sharq tomonga qarab sayohat qilish Slidell jiddiy zarar ko'rgan; 473 ta oraliq tayanchdan ajratilgan va 64 ta ko'lga tushib ketgan.[27] Uzunligi 24 mil (39 km) Pontchartrain ko'li yo'llari zarar ko'rmasdan qochib qutulgan, ammo faqat favqulodda transport vositalarini olib yurgan.[28]

29 avgust kuni, taxminan soat 7:30 da CDT xabar berishicha, derazalarning aksariyati shimoliy tomonida joylashgan Hyatt Regency New Orleans uchib ketgan va yaqin atrofdagi boshqa ko'p qavatli binolar ham derazalarga katta zarar etkazgan.[29] Hyatt mehmonxonasi shahardagi eng jiddiy zarar ko'rgan mehmonxonalar bo'lgan, chunki ko'rpa-to'shaklar derazadan uchib chiqqan. Izolyatsiya naychalari ochiq edi, chunki mehmonxonaning shisha tashqi qismi to'liq qirqilgan.

Olti bayroq Yangi Orlean Lift buzilgandan 2 hafta o'tgach ham suv bosdi

Louis Armstrong Nyu-Orlean xalqaro aeroporti bo'rondan oldin yopilgan, ammo samolyotlar harakatlanadigan joylarda yoki terminalning ichki qismida suv toshqini bo'lmaganligi haqida xabar bergan. 30 avgustga qadar u gumanitar va qutqaruv operatsiyalari uchun qayta ochildi. Tijorat yuk reyslari 10 sentyabrda, tijorat yo'lovchilarga xizmat ko'rsatish esa 13 sentyabrda tiklandi.[30]

Superdome katta zarar ko'rdi, shu jumladan tomning suv o'tkazmaydigan membranasining ikki qismi shamoldan tozalangan. 30 avgustda Luiziana gubernatori Ketlin Blanko Superdome-da boshpana izlagan qolgan odamlarni to'liq evakuatsiya qilishni buyurdi.[31] Keyin ular ko'chirildi Astrodome yilda Xyuston, Texas.

Xayriya kasalxonasi ham katta zarar ko'rgan. Uning aksariyat derazalari uchib ketgan va Katrina sabab bo'lgan kuchli shamol tufayli shiftdagi plitka va yorug'lik moslamalari shikastlangan. O'sha kuni kechqurun suv toshqini ko'tarilib, binoni to'ldira boshladi, bu esa asosiy generatorlarning ishdan chiqishiga sabab bo'ldi, shuning uchun kasalxona xodimlari barchani auditoriyaga evakuatsiya qilishga qaror qilishdi. Auditoriyadagi sharoitlar yomonlasha boshladi, shuning uchun 1 sentyabr kuni birinchi 100 tibbiy kasal bemor vertolyotda Baton-Ruj. Qolgan odamlar ertasi kuni soat 15:00 da evakuatsiya qilingan.

Katrinaning katta zarari tufayli Olti bayroq Yangi Orlean suv toshqini va korroziyaga uchragan roller-coaster treklarini o'z ichiga olgan park parki oxir-oqibat tashlandiq bo'lib qoldi va ta'mirlanmadi, chunki u juda qimmatga tushadi va park juda foydali emas edi. Qayta ochish yoki qoplash bo'yicha bir nechta takliflar rejalashtirilgan, ammo ulardan hech biri bu ishni bajarishda muvaffaqiyat qozonmagan. Hisobotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, kelgusi yillarda park parki buziladi.[32]

Levee muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi

Asosiy maqola: Livining Buyuk Yangi Orleandagi muvaffaqiyatsizliklari, 2005 yil
I-10 / I-610 almashinuvi va Nyu-Orlean va Metairining shimoli-g'arbiy qismi (Luiziana)

2005 yil 29-avgust, dushanba kuni "Katrina" bo'roni shaharning sharqiy qismidan o'tib, uni bo'ronli shamol sharoitiga duchor qildi, ammo Nyu-Orleanni eng yomon ta'siridan saqlab qoldi. Shahar halokatli shamol zarari va bashorat qilingan kuchli yomg'irning aksariyat qismidan qutulib qolganga o'xshardi. Ko'pgina binolar tizimli ravishda yaxshi turardi.

Yangi Orleanning sun'iy yo'ldosh fotosuratlari 2004 yil mart oyida, so'ngra 2005 yil 31 avgustda, avtoulov muvaffaqiyatsizliklaridan so'ng olingan.

Biroq, shahar tomonidan qurilgan va qurilgan toshqin devorlar AQSh armiyasining muhandislar korpusi ellikdan ortiq joylarda buzilgan. Bundan tashqari, toshlar siqilish va konsolidatsiya stavkalari bilan farq qiladigan tuproqqa qurilgan.[33] Shu sababli, er osti sathining cho'kishini tizimli ravishda taxmin qilish qiyin. Dovulning ko'tarilishi pog'onalarni buzdi Missisipi daryosi-Fors ko'rfazidagi chiqish kanali ("MR-GO") taxminan 20 joyda joylashgan va barchasini suv bosgan Sent-Bernard Parish, sharqiy sohil Plaquemines Parish va tarixiy Quyi to'qqizinchi palata. Asosiy levee shahardagi qoidabuzarliklar buzilishlarni o'z ichiga olgan 17-ko'cha kanali levee, London avenyu kanali va keng, harakatlanadigan Ichki Makon navigatsiya kanali, bu Nyu-Orleanning taxminan 80 foizini suv ostida qoldirdi.[34] Uchta yirik qoidabuzarliklar bo'lgan Sanoat kanali; biri yuqori tomonda MR-GO bilan tutashgan joy yaqinida, ikkitasi pastki tomonda Quyi to'qqizinchi palata, Florida avenyu va Kleyborne avenyu o'rtasida. The 17-ko'cha kanali levee Old Hammond avtomagistrali ko'prigidan ichki qismning pastki qismida (Nyu-Orlean Vest End) buzilgan va London avenyu kanali Robert E. Li bulvaridan orqada, yuqori qismida Mirabeau Avenue ko'prigidan pastda, ikkita joyda buzilgan. Buzilishlardan kelib chiqqan toshqin shaharning aksariyat qismini bir necha kun, ko'p joylarda esa bir necha hafta davomida suv ostida qoldirdi. Katrina dovuli tufayli ko'plab yo'llar va binolar zarar ko'rdi.

2006 yil iyun oyida tabiiy ofat to'g'risidagi hisobotda,[35] AQSh armiyasining muhandislar korpusi noto'g'ri dizayn ko'rsatkichlari, to'liq bo'lmagan qismlar va oqim segmentlarining sifatsiz qurilishi Katrina bo'roni tufayli Yangi Orleanga etkazilgan zararga hissa qo'shganligini tan oldi.[36] Amerika qurilish muhandislari jamiyati tomonidan 2007 yil iyun oyida e'lon qilingan hisobotda, agar suv o'tkazgichlari ushlab turilgan bo'lsa, shaharda toshqinning uchdan ikki qismidan saqlanish mumkin edi.[37]

Ning muvaffaqiyatsizligi Nyu-Orleanning bo'ronlardan himoya qilish loyihasi ko'plab hukumat amaldorlarini ko'plab Kongress qo'mitalarini tinglashga chaqirishga undadi[38] va tergov. Levees.org guruhi boshchiligida Sendi Rozental Katrinaning bo'ronli oqimiga qarshi turishi kerak bo'lgan toshqindan himoya qilish tizimining qulashi ortidagi muhandislik va qarorlarni tekshirishni 8/29 komissiyasini chaqirdi.[39]

Hayotni yo'qotish

AQSh qirg'oq qo'riqlash xizmati ekipaji Katrina bo'roni oqibatida Yangi Orleanda omon qolganlarni qidirmoqda.

Dastlabki ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, Luiziana Sog'liqni saqlash vazirligining ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, o'lganlarning rasmiy soni 1464 kishini tashkil etgan.[40] Birinchi o'lim haqida 2005 yil 28 avgustda yarim tundan sal oldin uch kishi haqida xabar berilgan edi qariyalar uyi evakuatsiya paytida bemorlar vafot etdi Baton-Ruj.[iqtibos kerak ] 4 sentyabr kuni shahar meri Nagin tozalash ishlari tugagandan so'ng qurbonlar soni o'n ming kishiga etishi mumkin deb taxmin qildi.[41] Ba'zi tirik qolganlar va evakuatsiya qilinganlar jasadlarni shahar ko'chalarida yotganini va hali ham suv bosgan uchastkalarda, ayniqsa shaharning sharqida suzib yurganini ko'rishganini xabar qilishdi. Ko'plab jasadlarning parchalanishining ilg'or holati, ularning ba'zilari yig'ilishidan bir necha kun oldin suvda yoki quyoshda qolib ketganligi, ko'plab o'liklarning kimligini aniqlashga qaratilgan sud ishlariga to'sqinlik qildi.

Homilador ayolni muvaffaqiyatli qutqarish

Superdome-da oltita o'lim tasdiqlangan. Ulardan to'rttasi tabiiy sabablardan, bittasi a natijasi edi dori dozasini oshirib yuborish, va biri edi o'z joniga qasd qilish. Kongress markazida to'rtta jasad topildi. Ushbu to'rttadan bittasi a natijasi deb ishoniladi qotillik.[42] Shahar bo'ylab jasadlarni yig'ish taxminan 9-sentabrda boshlangan. Shu kungacha jasadlarning joylari qayd etilgan, ammo ko'plari olinmagan.

Keyinchalik olib borilgan tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, Nyu-Orleanning Katrinada vafot etganlarning aksariyati Quyi To'qqizinchi Uord va Lakevyu mahallalarida buzilishlar yaqinida yashovchi keksa odamlardir.[iqtibos kerak ]

Natijada

Fuqarolik tartibsizliklari

2 sentyabr kuni ertalab shahar markazidagi biznesda yong'in sodir bo'ldi.

Katrina to'fonidan keyin talon-taroj, zo'ravonlik, qutqaruvchilarga qarshi otishma, qotillik va zo'rlash haqida keng xabar berish bilan ajralib turardi. Ba'zi jinoiy harakatlar sodir bo'lganda, masalan, bir butunni bo'shatish Walmart,[43] ko'plab hisobotlar ham bo'rttirilgan, shishirilgan yoki shunchaki to'qib chiqarilgan. Bir nechta yangiliklar tashkilotlari ishdan bo'shatish masalalarini chiqarishga kirishdilar.[44]

Merganlar qutqaruv vertolyotlarida kostyumlarni olishgani haqida xabarlar bor; bular yolg'on edi. Shaharni politsiya zobitlari va tirik qolganlarni otib tashlagan to'dalar haqidagi xabarlar ham yolg'on edi, chunki Katrinadan keyin faqat bitta politsiyachi otib o'ldirilgan va taxmin qilingan to'da a'zolariga qarshi ayblov xulosalari chiqarilmagan.[45]

Ko'plab "talon-taroj qilish" holatlari aslida tirik qolganlar oziq-ovqat, suv, kiyim-kechak va uy-joy kabi zaruriy ta'minotni olib tashlagan.[46] Talonchilikning ayrim holatlari keyinchalik oz sonli NOPD xodimlari tomonidan amalga oshirilganligi aniqlandi.[47]

"Katrina" dovulidan keyingi fuqarolik tartibsizliklari tabiiy ofatlar sotsiologiyasi bo'yicha olib borilgan barcha izlanishlarga mos keldi, ular "[falokatdan keyingi] keng talon-taroj qilish afsona" degan xulosaga kelishdi,[48] va ommaviy axborot vositalari tomonidan haddan tashqari oshirib yuborilgan, natijada shubhalar va paranoyalar muhitini kuchaytirdi, bu qutqaruv ishlariga katta to'sqinlik qildi va tirik qolganlarning ahvolini yanada yomonlashtirdi.[49]

Ba'zi jinoyatchilik va ommaviy betartiblik haqidagi dastlabki xabarlar, xususan Superdome haqidagi hikoyalarda, keyinchalik bo'rttirilgan yoki mish-mishlar topilgan.[50] Masalan, Superdome-da Nyu-Orleandagi jinsiy jinoyatlar bo'limi zo'rlash yoki shafqatsizlik haqidagi har bir xabarni tekshirib chiqdi va faqat ikkita tekshirilishi mumkin bo'lgan voqealarni topdi, ikkalasi ham jinsiy tajovuz. Bo'lim boshlig'i jurnalistlarga "Menimcha, bu shahar afsonasi edi. Istagan vaqtingizda 25 mingtani qo'ying suv ostida qolmagan, elektr energiyasiz va hech qanday ma'lumotga ega bo'lmagan bir uyingizda odamlar hikoyalar aytib berishadi. "Ushbu xabarlarga asoslanib, hukumat amaldorlari Supermodada yuzlab o'liklarning topilishini kutishgan, aksincha oltita o'lik topilgan: to'rtta tabiiy o'lim, bitta dori dozasini oshirib yuborish va bitta o'z joniga qasd qilish.[42][51] Merganlar tomonidan o'q uzilganligi to'g'risida xabar berilgan taqdirda, "mergan" har bir necha daqiqada paydo bo'layotgan gaz ballonining qutulish valfi bo'lib chiqdi.[50]

A Linkoln shahri avtoulovi Katrinadan toshqin tufayli nogiron.

Bo'rondan keyin qo'shimcha tartibsizliklar sodir bo'ldi, ayniqsa Nyu-Orlean politsiya boshqarmasi. Shundan so'ng, bir sayyoh politsiya xodimidan yordam so'ragan va "Do'zaxga tushing, bu har bir inson o'zi uchun" degan javobni oldi.[52] Shuningdek, Nyu-Orlean politsiyachilarining uchdan bir qismi bo'rondan bir necha kun oldin shaharni tark etishdi, ularning aksariyati o'zlariga qarashli patrul mashinalarida qochib ketishdi. Bu tartibsizlikni huquqni muhofaza qilish organlarini ingichka qilib cho'zish bilan kuchaytirdi.[53] Bundan tashqari, bir nechta NOPD xodimlari Katrinadan bir necha hafta o'tgach, transport vositalarini o'g'irlashda gumon qilinib hibsga olingan.[54]

Gretna munozarasi

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Gretna, Luiziana § Katrina dovuli

Shahar Gretna Missisipi daryosining g'arbiy qirg'og'ida, keyinchalik matbuotda juda katta xabarlar paydo bo'ldi Katrina bo'roni (2005 yil avgust oxiri), Nyu-Orleandan qochib o'tishga urinib ko'rgan va suvsiz qolgan tirik qolganlar Yarim oy shahar aloqasi Missisipi daryosidagi ko'prikni Gretna shahri politsiyasi va yarim oy shahar ulanish politsiyasi va Jefferson Parish Sherif o'rinbosarlari bilan qurollangan holda orqaga qaytarishdi. to'siq bo'rondan keyingi kunlarda ko'prikda.

Boshqaruvni tiklash

A Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Milliy Gvardiyasi humvee patrullari Poydras ko'chasi Superdome tashqarisida.
AQSh armiyasining piyoda qo'shinlari Nyu-Orleandagi patrulda, ilgari suv ostida, 2005 yil sentyabrda.

1 sentyabrga qadar 6500 Milliy Gvardiya askarlari Yangi Orleanga etib kelishdi va 2 sentyabrda Blanko Luiziana shtatidagi evakuatsiya va xavfsizlikni ta'minlash ishlarida yordam uchun jami 40,000 so'radi.[55][56][57][58] Bundan tashqari, Luiziana shtati gvardiyasi va davlat mudofaa kuchlari Luizianadan chiqib ketayotgan ko'plab qochqinlarni boshpana qilishda va boshqa tabiiy ofatlarni tiklash ishlarida yordam berishda Milliy Gvardiyaga yordam berish uchun bir nechta shtatlar faollashtirilgan.[59]

Luiziana milliy gvardiyasining xavfsizlik vaziyatini barqarorlashtirishga yordam berishga tayyorligi va mavjudligidan ba'zi tashvishlar ko'tarildi. Gvardiya podpolkovnigi Pit "o'nlab yuqori suvli transport vositalari, suv o'tkazgichlar, yonilg'i quyish moslamalari va generatorlar chet elda bo'lgan", deb izoh bergan edi.[60] Bo'ron paytida Gvardiyaning 3000 ga yaqin a'zosi xizmat qilgan Iroqdagi navbatchilik safari. Xodimlarning umumiy kuchi 11000 kishini tashkil etganligi sababli, bu Luiziana milliy gvardiyasining 27% chet elda bo'lganligini anglatadi.[61] Biroq, ikkalasi ham oq uy va Pentagon xodimlar va jihozlarning etishmasligi Gvardiyaning o'z vazifasini bajara olishiga ta'sir qilmadi, aksincha, o'tib bo'lmaydigan yo'llar va suv bosgan joylar gvardiyachilarni Yangi Orleandagi vaziyatni ta'minlashga to'sqinlik qilayotgan asosiy omillar edi.

Katrina bo'ronidan oldin Nyu-Orleandagi qotillik darajasi AQSh o'rtacha ko'rsatkichidan o'n baravar yuqori bo'lgan. Yangi Orleandagi vaziyat nazorat ostiga olingandan so'ng, Nyu-Orleandagi jinoiy harakatlar sezilarli darajada kamaydi.[62]

Nyu-Orleanda jinoiy faoliyatning kuchayishiga javoban qisqa vaqt ichida mahbuslarni saqlash uchun vaqtincha qamoqxonalar qurildi. Tazi lager Nyu-Orleandagi 200 dan ortiq talon-taroj qilinganlikda gumon qilinganlarni boshqa muassasalarga o'tkazguniga qadar joylashtirgan vaqtinchalik qamoqxona edi. 700 mahbusga mo'ljallangan xona bo'lgan ushbu muassasani AQShning eng qattiq qamoqxonalaridan biri - Angoladagi Luiziana shtatidagi jazoni ijro etish muassasasi.[63] Stantsiyaning avtovokzallari zanjirband qilingan qamoq kameralariga aylantirildi, ularning har biriga o'n besh nafar mahbus sig'ishi mumkin edi. Ushbu mahbuslar ko'chma hojatxonani o'z ichiga olgan sharoitda saqlangan harbiylar tomonidan berilgan ovqat, lekin matras yoki karyoladan tashqari.[64]

Huquqni muhofaza qilish idoralari avtovokzalning umumiy joylarida politsiya uchastkasining zarur idoralarini qurishdi, ular tarkibiga tuman prokurori va adliya idoralari kiradi.[65] Lager Greyhound suv toshqini sababli politsiya yozuvlari bilan bog'liq bir nechta muammolarga duch keldi va kichik qonunbuzarliklarga yo'l qo'ygan mahbuslar jiddiyroq ayblovlar bo'lgan joylarda saqlanmoqda. Muassasa zaxira generatorlari bilan ishladi va eskirgan barmoq izlari usullaridan foydalanildi, bu esa ob'ektning chalkashliklarini kuchaytirdi.[66]

Superdome

Asosiy maqola: Katrina dovulining Luiziana super gumbaziga ta'siri
Shuningdek qarang: Katrina bo'ronining Yangi Orlean avliyolariga ta'siri
Ko'chirilgan odamlar, o'zlarining narsalarini olib kelib, Superdome-ga kirish uchun saf tortmoqdalar.
Katrina natijasida Superdomega etkazilgan zarar.

Shahardagi eng katta inshootlardan biri sifatida evakuatsiya qilinuvchilar olib kelingan Superdome bo'ronni kutish yoki keyingi evakuatsiyani kutish. Shahar tashqarisida oziq-ovqat, suv, boshpana yoki transport topishni umid qilib, ko'pchilik o'zlari Superdomega yo'l olishdi. 2005 yil 29 avgustda Katrina Nyu-Orleanni shunchalik kuch bilan bosib o'tdiki, u Superdome tomidagi ikkita teshikni yirtib tashladi. 30 avgust kuni kechqurun general-mayor. Bennett C. Landreno Luiziana Milliy gvardiyasi, Superdome-da boshpana topgan odamlar soni 15-20 mingga yaqinlashdi, chunki qidiruv-qutqaruv guruhlari toshqindan qattiq zarar ko'rgan joylardan Superdomega ko'proq odam olib kelishdi.[67] Vaziyat yomonlashib, toshqin suvlari ko'tarilish davom etar ekan, 31-avgust kuni gubernator Blanko Nyu-Orleanning barcha shaharlari, shu jumladan Superdome ko'chirilishini buyurdi. Superdome tashqarisidagi maydonni 3 fut (0,91 m) chuqurlikda suv bosgan, agar bu maydon Pontchartrain ko'li bilan tenglashtirilsa, 7 fut (2,1 m) bo'lishi mumkin. Gubernator Blanko shtatdan dushanba kuni odamlarni evakuatsiya qilishni boshlash uchun 68 ta maktab avtobuslarini yubordi.[68]

Borgan sari og'ir sharoitlarga qaramay, ichkaridagi aholi soni o'sishda davom etdi. Bino ichidagi vaziyat xaotik deb ta'riflangan; giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilish, janjallar, zo'rlashlar va iflos turmush sharoitlari haqida xabarlar keng tarqaldi. O'sha paytda 100 ga yaqin Superdomeda vafot etgani haqida xabar berilgan edi, aksariyat o'limlar issiqlikning charchashidan kelib chiqqan, ammo boshqa xabarlarga ko'ra, olomon tomonidan kaltaklangan va zo'rlik bilan o'z joniga qasd qilgan zo'rlangan ayblanuvchi jinoyatchi.[69] Ushbu xabarlarga qaramay, qurbonlarning so'nggi rasmiy soni hech qaerda bo'lmagan: ichkarida olti kishi vafot etgan (4 tabiiy sabab, bitta dozani oshirib yuborish va o'z joniga qasd qilish) va yana bir necha kishi stadion tashqarisidagi umumiy maydonda.[42]

FEMA buni birgalikda e'lon qildi Tovuz, Milliy gvardiya va Xyuston metrosi, Superdome-dagi 25000 kishi shtat bo'ylab ko'chib o'tishi kerak edi Xyuston Astrodom.[70] Evakuatsiya qilinganlarni tashish uchun FEMA tomonidan taxminan 475 ta avtobus ajratilgan bo'lib, butun operatsiya 2-3 kun davom etadi.[71] 4-sentabrga qadar Superdome butunlay evakuatsiya qilindi.

Superdome suv va shamolning umumiy ichki va tashqi inshootlariga, shuningdek, odamlar chiqindilari va chiqindilarining ichki qismiga zarar etkazganiga qaramay, ob'ekt 185 million AQSh dollari evaziga ta'mirlandi va 2006 yilning kuziga qadar o'yinlarga tayyor edi.[72]

New Orleans Convention Center

Katrina bo'roni tufayli Ernest N. ma'naviy anjumanlar markazi suv va elektr energiyasidan mahrum bo'lgan, konvensiya zallaridan biri shiftida katta teshik bo'lgan. Markaz aks holda faqat ozgina zarar ko'rgan.[73]

29 avgust kuni odamlarni Superdomega qaytarib berish va qutqarish ishlari davom etar ekan, qutqaruvchilar odamlarni dengiz sathidan 2 metr balandlikda toshqindan osongina qutqaradigan Konvensiya markaziga tushira boshladilar. Kapitan M.A.Pfeiffer NOPD "Ular odamlarni tashish uchun tashlagan avtobus bekati bo'lishi kerak edi. Muammo shundaki, transport hech qachon kelmagan".[73] 29-kuni tushdan keyin olomon 1000 kishiga yaqinlashdi. Kongress markazining prezidenti (u paytda u erda konvensiya markazining kichik bir guruh xodimlari bilan birga bo'lgan) olomon oldida nutq so'zlab, ularga oziq-ovqat, suv, tibbiy yordam va boshqa xizmatlar yo'qligini ma'lum qildi. 29-kuni kechqurungacha qurultoy markazi buzilib, evakuatsiya qilinganlar konventsiya markazining ichki qismini egallay boshladilar.[73]

250 gvardiya muhandislik qismidan iborat kontingent 30 avgustdan boshlab anjumanlar markazining bir qismini egallab oldi va 1 sentyabrgacha o'sha erda qoldi, ba'zida ular o'z joylarida to'siq qo'yishdi. Hech qachon bo'linmalarga olomonni boshqarish bo'yicha buyruqlar berilmagan va bunday vazifaga muhandislik bo'linmalari kabi tayyor bo'lishlari kutilmagan edi.[73] Keyingi uch kun ichida anjumanlar markazida odamlar soni o'sishda davom etdi, ba'zi taxminlarga ko'ra 20000 kishi.[74] Qabul qilishning sabablari orasida g'arbiy Superdome'dan anjumanlar markaziga yuborish, qutqaruvchilar tomonidan u erga tashlab yuborish yoki anjuman markazi haqida og'zaki nutq orqali boshpana sifatida eshitish. No checking for weapons was done among the crowd as was done at the Superdome, and a large store of alcohol kept at the Convention Center was looted. Reports of robberies, murder, and rapes began to surface,[75][76] in particular that a 14-year-old girl had been raped and that seven dead bodies were lying on the third floor.[77] In general, those who died, regardless of cause of death, were not moved or removed and were left to decompose.

By September 1, the facility, like the Superdome, was completely overwhelmed and declared unsafe and unsanitary. However, even though there were thousands of people who were evacuating at the center, along with network newscasters, pleading desperately for help on CNN, FOX, and other broadcast outlets, FEMA head Maykl Braun and Homeland Security Secretary Maykl Chertoff both claimed that they had no knowledge of the usage of the Convention Center as a shelter until the afternoon of September 1.[78]

A sizable contingent of National Guard arrived on September 2 to establish order and provide essential provisions, and on September 3, buses began arriving at the convention center to pick up the refugees there.[73] The Convention Center was completely evacuated by September 4.

Xayriya kasalxonasi

Charity Hospital had most of its windows blown out and suffered damages to lights and ceiling tiles as a result of the strong winds caused by Katrina. Later that day, floodwaters began to fill up the building, which caused the main generators to fail, so the hospital staff decided to evacuate everyone to the auditorium. Conditions in the auditorium began to deteriorate, so everyone was evacuated to the roof. On September 1, the first 100 medically ill patients were taken on Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters to Baton Rouge. The remaining persons were evacuated the next day at about 3 pm. Eight people had died.[79][80] Reports stated that some people were so desperate for food and water that they used vena ichiga terapiya to receive nutrients.[81]

Evacuation efforts

Hurricane evacuees in Metairi, Luiziana, being helped by the US Air National Guard on September 3.

On August 31, a public health emergency was declared for the entire Gulf Coast, and Luiziana Hokim Ketlin Blanko ordered a mandatory evacuation of all those remaining in New Orleans.[iqtibos kerak ] Relief organizations scrambled to locate suitable areas for relocating evacuees on a large scale. Many people in the Superdome were bussed to Reliant Park yilda Xyuston, Texas. Houston agreed to shelter an additional 25,000 evacuees beyond those admitted to the Astrodome, including one "renegade bus" that was commandeered by private citizen Jabbar Gibson, who had been released on bond from the Orleans Parish Prison just days before the storm hit, and had a previous criminal conviction.[iqtibos kerak ] By September 1, the Astrodome was declared full and could not accept any more evacuees. The Jorj R. Braun anjumanlar markazi va Ishonchli markaz va Reliant Arena nearby were all opened to house additional evacuees. By September 2, the Reliant Center had 3,000 evacuees. San-Antonio, Texas also agreed to house 25,000 refugees, initiating relocation efforts in vacant office buildings on the grounds of KellyUSA, a former air force base. Reunion Arena yilda Dallas, Texas was also mobilized to house incoming evacuees, and smaller shelters were established in towns across Texas and Oklaxoma.[iqtibos kerak ] Arkanzas also opened various shelters and state parks throughout the state for evacuees.[iqtibos kerak ]

Expected to last only two days, the evacuation of remaining evacuees proved more difficult than rescue organizations anticipated as transportation convoys struggled with damaged infrastructure and a growing number of evacuees. 3 sentyabr kuni Texas Air National Guard reported that 2,500 evacuees were still at the Superdome.[81] However, by evening, eleven hours after evacuation efforts began, the Superdome held 10,000 more people than it did at dawn.[iqtibos kerak ] Evacuees from across the city swelled the crowd to about 30,000, believing the arena was the best place to get a ride out of town.

Evacuation efforts were hastened on September 2 by the wider dispersal of evacuees among newly opened shelters. Louis Armstrong xalqaro aeroporti was reopened to allow flights related to relief efforts, and began to load evacuees onto planes as well.[77]

Elementlari 82-havo-desant diviziyasi arrived in New Orleans September 3.[iqtibos kerak ] The flooding was a challenge for the paratroopers when they first arrived. The division had just four boats at the time, however, the division quickly started getting Coast Guard, Navy and Marine assets placed under their control. Army Maj. Gen. William B. Caldwell IV, the 82nd's commanding general, noted: "We eventually became the 82nd 'Waterborne' Division," the general said, "and that really was our forte" during search-and-rescue and security missions in flooded sections of the city.

Rescue teams evacuating residents from flooded areas on August 30.

Task Force Katrina Commander Army Lt. Gen. Rassel Onore also charged the paratroopers to straighten out the evacuation situations at the New Orleans Airport, the Convention Center and the Superdome.[iqtibos kerak ] In all, 3,600 of the division's paratroopers were deployed to New Orleans to participate in Task Force All-American.[iqtibos kerak ] The unit worked in tandem with state, local and other federal authorities to feed, process and transport evacuees to other accommodations; the division's soldiers helped evacuate 6,000 New Orleans residents. By September 18, the 82nd Division medical personnel had treated 1,352 people and given 2,047 immunizations, according to unit documents. By September 19, 82nd Division military engineers had cleared 185 city blocks of debris, cleared 113 streets, and removed 218 trees, according to unit documents.[82]

On September 3, some 42,000 evacuees were evacuated from New Orleans, including those remaining in the Superdome and Convention Center. Efforts turned to the hundreds of people still trapped in area hotels, hospitals, schools and private homes.[83] During the evacuation, one person was killed and 7 others injured when the bus in which they were heading to Texas overturned on Davlatlararo 49 yilda Opelousas, Kaliforniya. Opelousas Police lieutenant Dwain Grimmett said the bus driver lost control on dry pavement.[81]

On September 6, Mayor Ray Nagin ordered a forced evacuation of everyone from the city who was not involved in clean up work, citing safety and health concerns.[84] The order was given not only as an attempt to restore law and order but also out of concern about the hazardous living conditions in the city. Eviction efforts escalated three days later when door-to-door searches were conducted to advise remaining residents to leave the city. Despite this, a number of residents defied the eviction order. While initially lax in enforcing evictions, National Guard troops eventually began to remove residents by force.[85]

Orlean Parish qamoqxonasi

During Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish Prison housed a total of 7,100 inmates. There were inmates who were serving weekend time due to public intoxication all the way to convicted murderers. There were many inmates who just began their sentences when Katrina hit the city. After the hurricane made landfall, most of the city's power was affected, which caused the prison to lose power as well. During this outage, many of the prisoners were locked in their cells due to the doors solely opening electronically. After being left in the dark due to the wind damage, the breaking of levees throughout the city flooded New Orleans and affected the prison. These prisoners were left by guards and deputies alike in the prison with chest high water and no food or water. Due to the lack of power, the inmates took it upon themselves to start fires in the facility despite lack of ventilation. Though most left, there were some prison guards who stayed in the city during the storm. These guards allegedly assaulted the prisoners during this time. Many prisoners were shot, beaten, and maced.[86] The prisoners feared for their lives during these encounters with the guards. The inmates endured these living conditions for three to five days before being relocated by officials. Once official teams came in to rescue the prisoners, they were all moved to I-10, the major interstate in New Orleans. Inmates who were not able to be easily rescued were left in the prison. While located on I-10, the inmates were given water and food, though for some this was given too late. There were many inmates who passed out due to dehydration. The police brutality also remained high while prisoners were on the interstate. Guards would shoot at the prisoners for any outburst and continue to beat them similar to conditions in Orleans Parish Prison. While the inmates continued to endure these conditions, there were a total of six public defenders who were managing the cases of all of New Orleans prisoners. Many of the incarcerated served longer sentences due to the public defender's lack of manpower. The prisoners were later sent off to different prisons around the state of Louisiana while the city was still underwater.[87] After the flood waters receded, many of the inmates of Orleans Parish Prison served longer sentences due to the lack of government in New Orleans. The Criminal Justice System was out of order in the city for months and did not release its first prisoner on bond until October 2006.[88]

Sog'likka ta'siri

Sick and injured people being evacuated aboard a C-17 Globemaster III

There was a concern that the prolonged flooding would lead to an outbreak of health problems for those who remained in the city. Ga qo'shimcha sifatida suvsizlanish va ovqatdan zaharlanish, there was also potential for the spread of gepatit A, vabo, sil kasalligi va tifo isitmasi, all related to the growing contamination of food and drinking water supplies in the city compounded by the city's characteristic heat and stifling humidity.[89] Survivors could also face long-term health risks due to prolonged exposure to the petrochemical tainted flood waters and mosquito-borne diseases such as sariq isitma, bezgak va G'arbiy Nil isitmasi.[90][91]

On September 2, an emergency triyaj center was set up at the airport. A steady stream of helicopters and ambulances brought in the elderly, sick, and injured. Baggage equipment was used as gurneys to transport people from the flight line to the hospital, which was set up in the airport terminal. The scene could be described as, "organized chaos", but efficient. By September 3, the situation started to stabilize. Up to 5,000 people had been sinovdan o'tgan and fewer than 200 remained at the medical unit.[92]

Hospital evacuations continued from other area hospitals that were flooded or damaged. Dan hisobotlar Metodist Hospital indicated that people were dying of dehydration and exhaustion while the staff worked constantly in horrendous conditions.[iqtibos kerak ] The first floor of the hospital flooded and the dead were stacked in a second floor operating room. Patients requiring ventilators were kept alive with hand-powered resuscitation bags.[iqtibos kerak ]

Among the many hospitals shut down by damage related to the hurricane was the public hospital serving New Orleans, Charity Hospital, which was also the only trauma center serving that region. The destruction of the hospital's structure has forced the continued closure as funding for a new building is sought out.

Pediatric evacuation

Multiple children's hospitals around the United States including Arkanzas bolalar kasalxonasi, Texas bolalar kasalxonasi, Alabama bolalari, Le Bonheur bolalar kasalxonasi, Kuk bolalar tibbiyot markazi va Bolalar mehribonligi Kanzas-Siti sent helicopters, fixed wing aircraft, ambulances, and personnel to Tulane tibbiyot markazi, Ochsner va CHNOLA pediatrik bemorlarni kasalxonadan evakuatsiya qilishga yordam berish maqsadida.[93][94][95]

Iqtisodiyot

Before Katrina's landfall in 2005, the economy of New Orleans relied heavily on its usefulness and income derived from being a port city. The population grew and the economy peaked in the late 19th century. However, in the recent years, after rapid industrialization and the development of faster methods of transporting goods, the economy of New Orleans has been in a steady decline.[96] As a result, New Orleans came to rely on three major industries for economic revenue: transportation, entertainment, and public services.[97] However, after Katrina's landfall, these sectors, including the overall economy, were reduced and heavily affected by the natural disaster.

After the hurricane, the labor force diminished and wages decreased by staggering amounts. In July 2005, 9,592 people applied for unemployment services and the payroll of metropolitan firms declined by 13.6% between July 2005 and July 2007, indicating an estimated loss of 70,000 jobs.[98] The sectors most affected were service-related industries, fluctuating with the population. The only sector to truly thrive after landfall was construction, which was in high demand to make needed repairs and rebuild destroyed homes.[97]

In the first initial months following Katrina, the labor force reduced faster than the demand and unemployment rates skyrocketed. However, as of September 2006, the unemployment rates have never fallen below the national average, indicating improvement.[99] In the second quarters of both 2005 and 2007, the firms' wages were increased by 21%, twice more than national increases, indicating even further improvement, although the gains were varied across the sectors.[100]

There have been some suggestions concerning the usage of natural capital to further aid New Orleans's economy. One such proposal is to avoid rebuilding on flooded lands, instead restoring acres of wetlands to profit from the economic wealth.[101] The Missisipi deltasi provides the United States with one of the largest fisheries and the most important uchish yo'li terminus, enabling New Orleans to profit from these ecological industries.[101] Furthermore, by increasing the wetlands, it would help create a natural barrier that could aid New Orleans in future storms.[102] It is estimated that if New Orleans was to restore 1,700 square miles (4,400 km2) of wetland lost before 2005, the natural capital would be worth an estimated $6 billion/year, or $200 billion at the present value.[102] While New Orleans has made numerous efforts in rebuilding their economy, and has been successful with tourist-attracting events such as Mardi Gras, the natural capital provided could further assist the city in returning to its pre-Katrina wealth and economy.

Racial disparities

Shuningdek qarang: Katrina bo'roniga hukumatning munosabati tanqid qilindi

Following Katrina, many said that the hurricane had greater impact on black and less economically privileged people than it had on predominantly white and wealthier people. "The city’s remarkable recovery has, to a troubling degree, left behind the African-Americans who still make up the majority of its population," according to FiveThirtyEight.[103] They based this on statistics showing that black residents of New Orleans are more likely to be unemployed than when the storm hit, and are also more likely to be living in poverty. Household incomes of blacks have also fallen, and the wage gap between black and whites has grown. All these changes are attributed in some way to Katrina.[103]

About 175,000 black residents departed New Orleans over the year following the storm, while only 100,000 returned, pushing the African American population to 59 percent, from 66 percent previously. The biggest impact has been on the middle-class blacks, given that most black professionals are older and more advanced in their careers, and the majority of the affluent and middle class are white.[103]

These setbacks to the black population in New Orleans corresponded with a large number of educated white arrivals, contributing to a high rate of business formation in the city. These newcomers have had the effect of driving up housing prices, making rent less affordable for the majority of black residents.[103]

The influence of blacks in the city receded politically, too: in 2010 New Orleans elected its first white mayor in 32 years, a white majority (5-2) took control of the City Council, which had previously been black, and a white police chief and district attorney were elected. Lance Hill of Tulane University said: "The perception among most African-Americans is that they are living politically as a defeated group in their own city."[104]

After Hurricane Katrina, many African-Americans suffered from mental illnesses—such as TSSB —at higher rates than their Caucasian counterparts. Populations experiencing mental illnesses, especially after a natural disaster, is not uncommon. African-Americans, however, "had approximately two-fold greater odds of screening positive for PTSD" after Hurricane Katrina than whites.[105] It is deduced that African-Americans exhibit PTSD at higher frequencies than whites because they "were more likely to experience frequent mental distress."[105] For example, African-Americans "report more negative events and chronic stressors--witnessing violence, receiving bad news, death events, lifetime major discrimination, daily discrimination--than whites, which negatively affects their mental health."[105] African-Americans "are more segregated than any other racial/ethnic group in the United States, and racial segregation is associated with poorer quality housing and neighborhoods that have limited resources to enhance health and well-being."[105] Another study found that the "[b]lack race was associated with greater symptom severity" of PTSD than other races.[106] It is known that "[m]inority status itself has been shown to increase the risk of PTSD after trauma, though this effect may be largely because of differential exposure to poverty in violence."[106] Additionally, the "largely Black population of New Orleans bore a disproportionately heavy burden of pre disaster chronic disease complicated by inadequate health care access."[106]

Shuningdek qarang

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