Masonluk tarixi - History of Freemasonry

A qismi seriyali kuni
Masonluk
Masonik kvadratCompassesG.svg
Umumiy nuqtai

The masonlik tarixi ning kelib chiqishi, evolyutsiyasi va belgilovchi hodisalarini o'z ichiga oladi qardosh tashkilot sifatida tanilgan Masonluk. U uch bosqichni o'z ichiga oladi. Birinchidan, o'rta asrlarda operativ masonlarning uyushgan lojalari paydo bo'lishi, so'ngra oddiy a'zolarni "qabul qilingan" masonlar sifatida qabul qilish (tosh bo'lmagan masonlarni operativ lojaga a'zo qilgan tantanali "qabul qilish" jarayonini aks ettiruvchi atama) yoki spekulyativ masonlar. va nihoyat sof spekulyativ lojalar evolyutsiyasi va ularni boshqarish uchun Buyuk Lojalarning paydo bo'lishi. Ushbu jarayonda suv havzasi odatda 1717 yilda Londonda birinchi Grand Lodge tashkil topgan deb qabul qilinadi. Tarixchilar duch keladigan ikkita qiyinchilik bu yozma materiallarning kamligi, hattoki 19-asrgacha bo'lganligi va masonlar va notanishlar tomonidan hosil qilingan noto'g'ri ma'lumotlar. birinchi yillardan boshlab masonlar.

Masonlikning to'liq tarixi bitta maqola doirasidan tashqarida. Maqolada masonlikning dastlabki taraqqiyoti tezkor tosh ustalarining uyushgan organlaridan mintaqaviy yoki milliy "Buyuk Lojalar" atrofida tashkil etilgan spekulyativ lojalar zamonaviy tizimiga qadar kuzatilgan. Zamonaviy davrning ko'zga ko'ringan voqealari va rivoji ham qisqacha tavsiflangan. Masonlikning umumiy sarlavhasidagi muayyan mavzular, marosimlar va yurisdiktsiyalar tarixi boshqa joylarda batafsil ko'rib chiqilgan, o'zlarining maqolalari.

Kelib chiqishi afsonalari va nazariyalar

Dastlabki mason manbalari

Dastlabki masonik matnlarda har birida qandaydir hunarmandchilik tarixi yoki sir, toshdan yasalgan. Ushbu turdagi eng qadimiy asar, Halliwell qo'lyozmasi yoki Regius she'ri, 1390 yildan 1425 yilgacha bo'lgan davrda. Ushbu hujjat "duvarcılık hunarmandchiligi" bilan boshlanganligini ko'rsatib, qisqacha tarixga ega. Evklid Misrda va qirol davrida Angliyaga kelgan Atletiston (taxminan 894 yilda tug'ilgan, 939 yil 27 oktyabrda vafot etgan).[1] Ko'p o'tmay, Kuk qo'lyozmasi devorni izlaydi Jabal o'g'li Lamech (Ibtido 4: 20-22) va bu ma'lumot Evklidga, undan to qanday kelib chiqqanligini aytib beradi Bani Isroil (ular Misrda bo'lganlarida ) va hokazo Athelstanga aniq yo'l orqali.[2] Ushbu afsona keyingi qo'lyozma konstitutsiyalariga asos bo'lib, bastakorlik davridagi barcha toshlarni izlab topdi va Afeliston (927-939) davrida Angliyada o'zining institutsional o'rnini o'rnatdi.[3]

Shakllanganidan ko'p o'tmay Angliya Premer-ligasi, Jeyms Anderson ushbu "Gotik konstitutsiyalar" ni mazali, zamonaviy ko'rinishda hazm qilish uchun topshirilgan. Natijada paydo bo'lgan konstitutsiyalar avvalgilariga qaraganda kengroq tarixga ega bo'lib, yana masonlik tarixini Injil ildizlariga qaytarib, yana Evklidni zanjirga bog'lab qo'ydi. Anderson o'zining materialiga sodiq qolgan holda, tarixda boshqacha noma'lum bo'lgan Athelstanning o'g'li Edvin boshchiligidagi Yorkdagi ingliz masonlarining birinchi katta yig'ilishini tuzadi.[4] Andersonning kengaytirilgan, qayta ko'rib chiqilgan va qayta nashr etilgan 1738-yilgi konstitutsiyalari shundan buyon Buyuk ustalar ro'yxatiga kiritilgan Kanterberining Avgustin sifatida ko'rsatilgan Ostin rohib.[5] Uilyam Prestonniki Masonlikning rasmlari ushbu masonik yaratilish afsonasi bo'yicha kengaytirilgan va kengaytirilgan.[6]

Frantsiyada 1737 yilgi ma'ruza Chevalier Ramsay qo'shildi salibchilar nasabga. U buni davom ettirdi Salibchilar masonlari sirlarini tiklash bilan hunarmandlikni qayta tiklagan edi Muqaddas er homiyligida Knights Hospitaller. Ayni paytda hunarmandchilikning "tarixi" Kontinental masonlik Angliyada bundan ajralib chiqdi.[7]

Spekulyativ tarix

Andersonning 1723 va 1738 yillardagi tarixlari, Ramzayning romantizatsiyasi va masonlik marosimining ichki allegoriyasi bilan birgalikda Shoh Sulaymonning ibodatxonasi va uning me'mori, Xiram Abiff, keyingi spekülasyonlar uchun etarli materiallar taqdim etdi.

Ma'lumki eng qadimiy marosim birinchi masonik turar joyni podshoh Sulaymon ibodatxonasining ayvoniga joylashtiradi.[8] Andersonga ergashgan holda, masonlikni izlash ham mumkin edi Evklid, Pifagoralar, Muso, Essenlar, va Kuldilar.[9] Preston o'z tarixini Druidlar Andersonning masonlarni ta'rifi "Noashidlar "tomonidan ekstrapolyatsiya qilingan Albert Maki, qo'ydi Nuh tenglamaga.[10]

Ramsayning salibchilar masonlarini kiritganidan so'ng Templar ritsarlari bilan boshlanib, afsonaga aralashdi Karl Gotthelf fon Xund "s Qat'iy rioya qilish marosimi, bu ham surgunda bog'langan Styuart uyi.[11] Qotillik Xiram Abiff o'limi uchun allegoriya sifatida qabul qilingan Angliyalik Karl I. Oliver Kromvel Masonlikning asoschisi sifatida 1745 yildagi anonim masonizmga qarshi asarda paydo bo'ladi, odatda Abbé Larudan. Macki "Larudanning takliflari barcha tarixiy hokimiyatning mutlaq mustaqilligi va faktlar o'rniga o'quvchiga taqdim etilgan jasur taxminlar bilan ajralib turadi", deb ta'kidlaydi.[12] Ning anti-masonik yozuvlari Kristof Fridrix Nikolay taalluqli Frensis Bekon va Rosicrucians,[13] esa Kristofer Rren Ushbu hunarmandchilik bilan aloqasi Andersonning birinchi konstitutsiya kitobidan olib tashlangan, ammo ikkinchisida Wren vafot etganida paydo bo'lgan.[14]

Xuddi shunday, masonlikni frantsuz tilida yo'q qilishga urinishlar Uyg'unlik hech qanday aniq bog'lanishlar ishlab chiqarilmagan.[15] Ga ulanishlar Rim kollegiyasi va Komokin ustalari xuddi shunday yumshoq, garchi ba'zi masonlar ularni ajdodlardan ko'ra o'rnak deb bilishadi.[16][17] Tomas Peyn Masonlikning izi Qadimgi Misr,[18] qilgan kabi Kagliostro, marosimni etkazib berishga qadar borgan.[13]

Yaqinda bir nechta mualliflar Templelarni masonlik xronologiyasi bilan bog'lashga urinishdi. Rosslin cherkovi Templlar buyrug'i bekor qilingandan keyin boshpana topganligi haqida mish-mishlar tarqalgan Shotlandiyada.[19] Yilda Xiram kaliti, Robert Lomas va Kristofer Nayt qadimgi Misrdan boshlanadigan va qabul qiladigan vaqt jadvalini tasvirlab bering Iso Zamonaviy masonlikka kelishdan oldin, Templar va Rosslin.[20] Ushbu da'volarni kuratori Robert Kuper e'tiroz bildirmoqda Shotlandiyaning katta uyi uning kitobida kutubxona va muzey Rosslin hiyla-nayrang.[21]

Zamonaviy masonika tadqiqotlarining paydo bo'lishi

Masonlar tarixini birinchi oqilona o'rganish Germaniyada nashr etilgan, ammo Jorj Kloss ning 1847 ishi, Geschichte der Freimaurerei Angliyada, Irland va Shotlandda hech qachon tarjima qilinmagan.[22] Qachon Findelniki Masonluk tarixi 1866 yilda nemis tilidan ingliz tiliga tarjima qilingan, Vudford Angliyada va Shotlandiyadagi Murray-Lion bu borada allaqachon faol yozuvchilar edi. Woodford Findelning qo'lyozmalarini tekshirish uchun Yorkka tashrif buyurganida rahbar bo'lgan va yaqin orada u bilan hamkorlik qiladi Hughan eski qo'lyozma konstitutsiyalarini yig'ish, tanishish va tasniflashda.[23] Albert Maki Amerikada kam bo'lmagan faol edi. Uning nashr etilgan asarlari ro'yxati 1844 yilda "Masonluk leksikoni" bilan boshlanib, uning monumental asariga qadar tarqaldi. Masonluk ensiklopediyasi 1874 yilda.[24] Masonik tadqiqotlarga bo'lgan qiziqish va ishtirokning ortishi 1886 yilda Londonda shakllanishiga olib keldi Quatuor Coronati Lodge, masonik tadqiqotlarga bag'ishlangan birinchi uy.[25]

Kelib chiqishidan Grand Lodge masonligiga qadar

"Mason" atamasining kelib chiqishi

Masonlarga murojaat qilish uchun ingliz tilidagi dastlabki rasmiy hujjatlar lotin yoki yozilgan Norman frantsuzcha. Shunday qilib bizda "haykaltaroshlar lapidum liberorum" (London 1212), "magister lathomus liberarum petrarum" (Oksford 1391) va "mestre mason de franche peer" (Mehnatkashlar to'g'risidagi nizom 1351 ). Bularning barchasi toshbo'ron, bezakli g'isht uchun mos donasiz qumtosh yoki ohaktosh ishchisini anglatadi. XVII asrda qurilish hisoblari Vadxem kolleji mason va freestone mason atamalari bir-birining o'rnida ishlatiladi. Mason shuningdek ishlagan yoki kiyingan toshni yotqizgan yanada malakali ishchi sifatida "qo'pol Meyson" yoki "Layer" bilan farq qiladi.[26]

Ushbu kontekstdagi "bepul" sifati ham mason emas degan xulosaga kelish uchun qabul qilinishi mumkin qullikda, indentured yoki feodal jihatdan bog'langan. O'rta asr ingliz masonlari bilan murosaga kelish qiyin bo'lsa-da, ehtimol Shotlandiya operativ uylari uchun bu muhim ahamiyatga ega bo'ldi.[27]

O'rta asr Angliyasida usta masonlar

O'rta asr ustasi Meysondan o'sha kunlarda liberal ta'lim olish uchun o'tgan narsalar talab qilinadi. Angliyada u to'qqiz yoki o'n yoshida, uyida yoki kichik (kichik) maktabda o'qigan ingliz va frantsuz tillarida savodli bo'lganida uyidan chiqib ketar edi. O'sha paytdan boshlab o'n to'rt yoshga qadar u monastirda yoki grammatika maktabi lotin tilini o'rganish yoki ritsar oilasida sahifa sifatida o'qishdan tashqari deportatsiya qilishni ham o'rganar edi. O'n to'rt yoshdan o'n etti yoshgacha u toshni tanlash, shakllantirish va birlashtirishning asosiy ko'nikmalarini o'rganar edi, so'ngra 17 yoshdan 21 yoshgacha geometriyadagi ko'plab rasmiy masalalarni yodlab o'qishni talab qiladi. Uch yillik sayohatchilar ko'pincha qurilish yoki dizayndagi aniq muammolarga bag'ishlangan mahorat asarlarini topshirish bilan tugashadi. Shu payt u malakali deb topildi, ammo katta loyihada usta Meyson maqomiga erishishdan oldin ko'tarilish uchun martaba pog'onasi bor edi.[28]

Magistr Meyson me'morlik vazifasida, ehtimol qurilishning har bir keyingi bosqichi uchun o'z rejalarini tuzgan kumush nuqta tayyorlangan pergament yoki taxtada. Ular loyihalash uchun ishlatilgandan ko'ra kattaroq kompas yordamida amalga oshiriladi. O'rta asr me'morlari qurilish maydonchasida namoyish etiladigan ancha katta kompaslar va kvadratchalar bilan tasvirlangan. Nozik detallar masonlarga etkazib beriladigan yog'och shablonlar yordamida chizilgan taxtadan ko'chirildi.[28]

York Minster singari yirik asarlarga rahbarlik qilgan yozuvlarda paydo bo'lgan usta masonlar boyib ketgan va hurmat qozongan. Usta masonlar va usta duradgorlar tashrif buyurib, monastirlarning yuqori stolida o'tirar edilar.[28]

O'rta asrlardan islohotgacha

Tarixiy yozuvlarda O'rta asrlardagi toshxonalarda uyning ikki darajasi, turar joy va "gildiya" ko'rsatilgan. Loja so'zining asl ishlatilishi katta ish joyida qurilgan ustaxonani bildiradi, birinchi eslatish Vale Royal Abbey 1278 yilda. Keyinchalik, ma'lum bir joyda masonlar jamoasining ikkinchi darajali ma'nosiga ega bo'ldi. Bularning saqlanib qolgan dastlabki yozuvlari bu uyning qonunlari va farmonlari York Minster 1352 yilda. Ushbu qoidalar Dekan va vazirning bo'limi.[26]

O'n to'qqizinchi asr tarixchilari "Gildiya "O'rta asr savdogarlarining" do'stliklari "ga o'xshashlik sifatida savdogarlar gildiyalari. Masonlar bunday tanalarni shakllantirishda kechikishdi. O'rta asr Angliyasida masonlarning asosiy ish beruvchisi toj, va toj tomonidan tez-tez ishlaydigan masonlar taassurot. Boshqacha qilib aytganda, zarurat tug'ilganda ularni majburan jalb qilishgan.

Halliwell qo'lyozmasi yoki Regius she'ri mason kelib chiqishi haqidagi eng qadimgi hujjat. U 1840 yilda Shekspir olimi va kollektsioneri tomonidan nashr etilgan Jeyms Xelliuell kim uni 1390 yil deb belgilagan. A. F. A. Vudford, kashshof masonik olim va asoschisi Quatuor Coronati Lodge, bu tanishish bilan rozi bo'ldi.[29] Yaqinda tarixchi Endryu Preskott matnni XV asrning ikkinchi choragiga tegishli.[30]

She'riyat qonunlari oqimiga javob sifatida qaralishi mumkin Qora o'lim, va 1351 yilgi ishchilar to'g'risidagi nizom, unda Eduard III vabodan oldingi darajada ish haqini belgilashga urindi.[31] Oldingi sana quyidagicha 1389 qaror ning Richard II gildiyalar va do'stliklardan uning oldida o'zlarining ustavlari va xatlariga patent berishlarini talab qilib,[31] ikkinchisi esa jiddiyroq bo'ladi 1425 yildagi qonunchilik masonlarning yillik yig'ilishlarini taqiqlash.[32]

1356 yilda masonlar savdosini tartibga soluvchi me'yoriy hujjatlarning muqaddimasida, boshqa savdolardan farqli o'laroq, masonliklar tomonidan devorlarni tartibga solish bo'yicha biron bir tashkilot mavjud emasligi alohida ta'kidlangan. Nihoyat, 1376 yilda "sir" yoki savdo-sotiqning to'rt vakili saylanadi Umumiy kengash Londonda. Bu, shuningdek, ingliz tilida "mason" so'zining birinchi ishlatilishi kabi ko'rinadi. U darhol urilib, o'rniga "mason" so'zi bilan almashtirildi.[26]

She'rda ushbu yig'ilishlar qirol Atelstan tomonidan tayinlanganligi va u masonning maoshini yashash narxiga bog'laganligi da'vo qilingan.[29]

The Kuk Taxminan 1450 yildagi qo'lyozma, Anderson "Gotik konstitutsiyalar" deb atagan, hunarmandchilikning qadimgi tarixlari va qoidalariga asos solgan.[2] Qisqa duodan so'ng, ushbu hujjatlar ettitani tasvirlaydi Liberal san'at, Geometriyaga ustunlikni berish, bu masonlik bilan tenglashtiriladi. Keyin ular devor / geometriya tarixiga o'tdilar, qirol Atelstan yoki manbasiga qarab uning ukasi yoki o'g'li Edvin bilan yakunlanib, Angliya masonlarini yig'ish uchun ularga ayblovlarni to'lashdi. Qoidalarga yoki to'lovlarga, odatda yangi mason ularga qasamyod qilish tartibi bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar beriladi.[33]

Shuningdek, taxminan 1450 yilda Beverleydan masonning irodasi masonik regaliyaning paydo bo'lishiga taassurot uyg'otadi. Jon Kedbining mol-mulki ro'yxatida bir nechta narsa qayd etilgan zonalar yoki kamarlar. Ikkita kumushga o'rnatilgan edi va ulardan bittasida o'rtada B va I harflari bor edi Boaz va Jachin, Sulaymon ibodatxonasining egizak ustunlari.[34] Shuningdek, u yozuv stoli va oltita inglizcha kitobga ega bo'lib, uni farovon va savodli qildi.[35]

Keyingi bir yarim asrda bir nechta yangi qo'lyozmalar paydo bo'ldi. The Dowland qo'lyozmasi, uning asl nusxasi endi yo'qolgan va Grand Lodge № 1, birinchi marta Edvinning Yorkdagi masonlarning yig'ilishini toping. The Lansdowne Dastlab ushbu davrga tegishli bo'lgan, hozirda 17-asrga tegishli deb o'ylashadi.[30]

Aynan shu davrda Islohot sodir bo'ldi. Bir paytlar cherkov masonlarning asosiy ish beruvchisi va shu bilan birga Monastirlarning tugatilishi lojalar g'oyib bo'ldi.[36] Bundan tashqari, 1547 yilda Angliyada hunarmandchilik "gildiyalari" bekor qilingan deb ishonishgan.[37] Genri VIII vafotida, Arxiyepiskop Kranmer Guildlar va do'stliklarni bekor qilish orqali islohotlarni rivojlantirishga intildi. 1548 yilda "Yovuzliklar va hunarmandlarning fitnalari to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi" qabul qilindi, ularning monopoliyalari bekor qilindi. 1549 yilda, ehtimol ular hukumat uchun juda foydali bo'lganligi sababli bekor qilindi.[38] Hukumat Londonda do'stlikdan aktsionerlikka o'tgan masonlarning asosiy ish beruvchisi bo'lib qolaverdi. Bu 1666 yilgacha ustavda bo'lmagan bo'lsa-da, davlat XVI asrda uni qurish uchun masonlarni sotib olish va indent qilish uchun ishlatgan. Bundan tashqari, masonlar tobora ko'proq xususiy shaxslar tomonidan ish bilan ta'minlandi.[26] Biroq avliyolarning kunlik paradlari, ularning turli xil homiysi bo'lgan avliyolari haqida sahna ko'rinishlari namoyish etilib, bostirildi. Shotlandiyaning Grand Lodge arxivisti Robert Kuper, masonlarning yo'qolgan sirli o'yini zamonaviy masonlik lojalari marosimida saqlanib qolishi mumkin deb hisoblaydi.[27]

Shotlandiyada masonlik

Asosiy maqola: Shotlandiyada masonlik

Dastlabki qit'a tarixi XVI asrdagi manbaga asoslanib, 1535 yilga kelib Frantsiyada ikkita Parijda, ikkinchisi Lionda Shotland masonlari yozilgan.[39]

Shotlandiyada masonlar uylari toj tayinlangan ikki amaldor - general Varden boshlig'i va tojga ishlashning asosiy ustasi nazorati ostiga olindi, ikkinchisi 1539 yildan kechgacha mavjud edi. Asr oxiriga kelib, Uilyam Shaw ikkala lavozimni egallagan.[26] 1598 yilda janubiy sharqiy Shotlandiyadagi lojalar ustalari bilan konferentsiyada u masonlar va ularning lojalarini boshqarish uchun bir qator me'yorlarni ishlab chiqdi va hozirda Shaw nizomi deb nomlanmoqda. Ushbu holat "Ular bir-birlariga sodiq bo'lib, qasamyod qilingan birodarlar va hunarmandlarning sheriklari bo'lgandek sadaqa bilan birga yashaydilar". Ularda qo'riqchilar, diakonlar, kirib kelgan prentesslar va kovanlar haqida so'z boradi.[40] Ikkinchi Shaw nizomlari, bir yil o'tgach, o'zlarining muzokaralariga Kilvinning lojasi vakili (hozir) Lodvin onasi Kilvinning Yo'q 0) Shotlandiyaning g'arbiy qismida yurisdiktsiya berilgan Ayrshire shtatida. Edinburg barcha birinchi tomonlarni tinchlantirishga urinib, Shotlandiyaning "birinchi va asosiy", Kilvinning esa "ikkinchi va bosh" uyiga aylandi.[27] Qilvinning qiroli ham, ustasi ham bo'lmaganligi sababli, hujjat yakuniy yoki majburiy deb hisoblanmadi. Qirolning qoidalar bo'yicha orderi olinadi deb taxmin qilingan edi.[41] 1602 yilda Shaw Rosslindagi ser Uilyam Sent-Klerga Shotlandiya masonlari ustidan homiylik sotib olish huquqini beruvchi Xartiya yozdi. Kilvinning ularning tasdiqlangan joylarini qo'shadigan lojalar ro'yxatida sezilarli darajada yo'q. St Clair janjaldan keyin qochib ketganida, nizom bekor qilinganga o'xshaydi,[27] va ikkinchi nizom 1628 yilda uning o'g'liga, shuningdek, Uilyam Sent Klerga berilgan.[42] Ushbu homiylikni ularning avlodlari, yana bir Uilyam Sent Kler tomonidan shakllanishiga topshirilgan Shotlandiyaning katta uyi 1736 yilda,[43] u hech qachon uni kuchga kiritishi mumkin bo'lgan qirollik roziligini olmaganiga qaramay.[27]

Spekulyativ devorning paydo bo'lishi

Shaw Nizomining doimiy ta'siri 1599 yildagi ko'rsatmalardan kelib chiqqan holda, lojalarda obro'li notarius kotib lavozimida ish yuritishi va u barcha muhim operatsiyalarni qayd etishi kerak. Shotlandiya lojalari bir necha daqiqalarni ushlab tura boshladilar va shuning uchun "qabul qilingan" yoki operatsion bo'lmagan masonlarning ko'rinishi Angliyaga qaraganda yaxshiroq qayd etilgan, bu erda lojali yurishlarining ichki yozuvlari mavjud emas.

Mason bo'lmaganlarning birinchi ro'yxatga olinishi 1634 yil 3-iyul kuni bo'lib o'tdi Edinburg uyi (Meri ibodatxonasi) №1 Ser Entoni Aleksandr, uning akasi Lord Aleksandr va Torntonlik Ser Aleksandr Strachan shaxslarida. Ser Entoni Qirolning asosiy ish ustasi va ikkinchi Sent-Kler ustavini to'sib qo'ygan odam edi, Shotlandiyaning lojalari uning zimmasida edi. Uning ukasi va ularning do'sti ham qabul qilingan sabablar aniq emas.[27]

Masonlar uylarini operativ jamoalardan spekulyativ aloqalarga o'tishining sabablari va mexanizmlari haligacha aniq emas. XVI asrda dizayn uchun mas'uliyat usta Meysondan me'morga o'tganligi sababli, me'morlar ular ishlagan masonlarning uylariga qo'shila boshlaganlar.[26] Boshqa professional organlar bilan bir qatorda (shu jumladan, Ost-Hind kompaniyasi) ham bo'lishi mumkin[44]), operativ masonik lojalar janrlardan o'zlarining "sirlariga" kirish uchun haq olish orqali pul yig'ishni boshladilar.[27] Boshqa bir fikrda masonlik uylari maoshi va mehnat sharoitlarini yaxshilash uchun ataylab boy va qudratli odamlarni yollashi aytilgan.[30]

Angliya vs Shotlandiyaning a'zoligi

1641 yil 20 mayda janob Robert Moray Edinburg uyiga a'zo bo'lgan bir necha masonlar tomonidan masonlik bilan shug'ullangan. U Shotlandiya lojasida boshlangan bo'lsa-da, voqea chegaradan janubda sodir bo'lgan: bu ingliz zaminida spekulyativ masonlikka boshlangan odamning eng qadimgi qaydlari.[45]

Loja yozuvlari Shotlandiyada aralash lojalar asta-sekin rivojlanib borayotganligini ko'rsatsa-da, boshlangan lojali aniq Elias Ashmole 1646 yil 16-oktyabrda Uorringtonda asosan yoki to'liq spekulyativ yoki qabul qilingan masonlardan iborat edi.[26] 1686 yilda Robert Uchastka "Staffordshire-ning tabiiy tarixi" da Uchastka tarixi ixtiro qilingan va kulgili deb topilgan bepul shaxslar jamiyatiga sifatli shaxslar qabul qilinishi to'g'risida parcha keltirilgan.[46] Grand Lodge davrining boshida Angliyaning janubida sof spekulyativ lojalar ustun bo'lgan, operativ va aralash lojalar hali ham shimolda va Shotlandiyada ko'pchilik bo'lgan.[26]

1716 yilda to'rtta lojali va "ba'zi birodarlar" Kovent-Gardendagi "Apple Tree" tavernasida uchrashdilar va "Grand Lodge" ni tashkil qilish uchun keyingi yil yana uchrashishga kelishdilar. Bular G'oz va Gridiron, Toj, Olma daraxti va Rummer va Uzum edi. "Keksa birodarlar" Cheshir pishloqidan va hech bo'lmaganda bitta boshqa uydan bo'lishgan.[26]

Erta Grand Lodge davri

Birinchi Grand Lodge

Ning dastlabki tarixi Grand Lodge aniq emas, chunki 1723 yilgacha bir daqiqa ham olinmagan. Ma'lumki, yuqorida aytib o'tilgan to'rtta lojali 1717 yil 24-iyunda Sent-Pol cherkov hovlisidagi G'oz va Gridironda yig'ilish o'tkazgan. Suvga cho'mdiruvchi Yuhanno Jon bayrami ). Ular o'zlarining "choraklik aloqalarini" tiklashga, har yili masonlik biznesini olib borish bo'yicha to'rtta uchrashuvga va navbatdagi Buyuk ustani saylash uchun yillik yig'ilishga kelishib oldilar. Ushbu yig'ilishda ular sayladilar Entoni Sayer, Apple Tree-dagi lojali ustasi, u haqida boshqa hech kim ma'lum emas va London va Westminster Grand Lodge tug'ilgan. Ushbu bosqichda ular o'zlarini London lojalari uyushmasidan boshqa narsa deb bilishlari ehtimoldan yiroq emas. Ushbu tasavvur juda tez o'zgarishi kerak edi.[26]

Keyingi yil, Jorj Peyn Katta usta bo'ldi. U soliq komissarlari bilan martaba davlat xizmatchisi bo'lgan. 1719 yilda ular sayladilar Jon Teofil Desaguliers, ruhoniy, taniqli olim va uning hamkori Qirollik jamiyati. Buyuk usta sifatida xizmat qilgan so'nggi oddiy odam 1720/21 yilgi ikkinchi lavozimida Jorj Peyn yozgan edi Bepul masonning umumiy qoidalari [sic ] keyinchalik qo'shilgan Andersonniki Konstitutsiyalar. Keyinchalik, tashkilotning obro'sini ko'tarishga qaratilgan qasddan qilingan urinish kabi ko'rinadigan barcha buyuk ustalar zodagonlarning a'zolari bo'lgan.[26]

Desagulierlar ko'pincha zamonaviy masonlikning "otasi" deb ta'riflanadi. Anderson konstitutsiyasiga bag'ishlanishni yozgan Desaguliers edi,[4] ularni boshqargan va tasdiqlagan qo'mitani boshqargan va ular tuzilgan "gotik konstitutsiyalar" ni ta'minlagan. U faqat bir muddat Buyuk Usta sifatida ishlagan bo'lsa-da, u ikki marotaba Buyuk ustalarning o'rinbosari bo'lib, katta magistrlar boshchiligida ishlagan va boshqa paytlarda o'zini ustalardek tutib, tashabbuslarni bajarish uchun tartibsiz lojalar tashkil qilgan. Bu marosimni yozishni emas, balki eslab qolishni talab qilgan Desaguliersga o'xshab ko'rinadi, bu esa Buyuk Buyuk Loja tashkil topgunga qadar ingliz marosimini rivojlantirish bo'yicha juda kam ma'lumotlarga olib keldi.[26][47]

Ushbu mulohazalar ko'plab masonik tarixchilarni uni yangi Buyuk Loja o'z-o'zini reklama qilish davrini boshlaganda, spekulyativ devorlarning to'satdan kengayishini ko'rganligi sababli anti-masonik guruhlar va nashrlarning ko'payishi bilan uni boshqaruvchi aql deb bilishiga olib keladi. Tashabbuslar haqida gazetalarda xabar berila boshlandi. Buyuk ustalar ko'pincha Qirollik Jamiyatining a'zolari edilar, ammo Varton gersogi (1722-23) hukumat tomonidan "Hell-fire club" ni yopib qo'ygan va "masonlarga qarshi" guruhga qo'shilgan yoki ehtimol tuzilgan. Gormagonlar u deyarli ishdan ketishi bilan. 1721 yildan boshlab yangi Grand Master-ning o'rnatilishi dastlab piyoda, keyinchalik vagonlarda parad uchun sabab bo'ldi. Bu ba'zi masxara mavzusiga aylandi, 1740 yildan boshlab, masonizmga qarshi guruhlar tomonidan soxta yurishlar bo'lib o'tdi, bu 1747 yilda amaliyotning to'xtatilishiga olib keldi. Masonlikning tez kengayishi, shuningdek, ko'plab yangi uylarning bir yildan so'ng ishlamay qolishiga olib keldi. ikkitasi. Hunarmandchilik tashqarisidan qilingan hujumlardan tashqari, endi masonlikning "ta'siridan" pul ishlashni istagan ko'ngilsiz sobiq masonlar ham bor edi.[26]

Andersonniki Konstitutsiyalar

Erkin masonlarning konstitutsiyalariLondon va Vestminsterda "Lojalardan foydalanish uchun" 1723 yilda nashr etilgan. presviterian ruhoniy, Jeyms Anderson, tartibiga ko'ra Jon Teofil Desaguliers va uning nazorati ostida Grand Lodge qo'mitasi tomonidan tasdiqlangan. Ushbu asar 1734 yilda Filadelfiyada qayta nashr etilgan Benjamin Franklin, o'sha yili Pensilvaniyada masonlarning buyuk ustasi etib saylangan. Shuningdek, u golland (1736), nemis (1741) va frantsuz (1745) tillariga tarjima qilingan.[4]

Anderson yilda Presviterian cherkovining vaziri bo'lgan Qaldirg'och ko'chasi, London, ilgari bo'lgan Gugenot cherkov va uning to'rtta dekonlaridan biri Desaguliersning otasi edi.[48] Desaguliers bilan uchrashuv paytida u o'zini a Talmudik olim. Uning mehnati uchun mukofoti asarga mualliflik huquqi edi. Vaqt o'tishi bilan va Andersonning xafa bo'lishiga qaramay, u "cho'ntak" nashrlarida to'planib qoldi, u ustidan u hech qanday nazorat o'rnatolmadi va undan daromad olmadi. 1738 yilda kengaytirildi, yangilandi va qayta nashr etildi.[27]

Kitobning deyarli yarmini o'z ichiga olgan tarixiy bo'lim allaqachon tasvirlangan. Undan keyin "ayblovlar" yoki masonlarning xulq-atvorining umumiy qoidalari va Peynning qoidalari, Grand Lodge va uning nazorati ostidagi lojalar boshqarilishi kerak bo'lgan aniq qoidalar keladi. Yangi lojani bag'ishlash marosimi qisqacha bayon qilindi va ish qo'shiqlar bo'limi bilan yakunlandi.[4] Birinchi marta qo'lda yozilgan ayblovlar va konstitutsiyalar o'rnini bosuvchi mason bo'lishi kerak bo'lgan barcha mavjud bo'lgan bosma kondensatsiya bilan almashtirildi, faqat marosimlarni qoldirdi. Tarixiy bo'limga o'sha paytda va shundan buyon hujum uyushtirilgan bo'lsa-da, aniq fantastika asari sifatida, bu asar masonlik tarixida muhim voqea bo'lib qolmoqda.[27] Oqimda chop etilgan "Antik to'lovlar" Konstitutsiyalar kitobi ning Angliyaning birlashgan Grand Lodge dastlab Anderson tomonidan nashr etilganlardan ozgina o'zgargan.[49]

Masonlikning darajalari va marosimlari

O'rta asrlardagi toshlar boshqa hunarmandchilik yoki sir-asrorlarga o'xshash bo'lib, uchta hunarmandni tan olgan; - shogird, sayohatchi va usta. O'z hunarini o'rgangan shogird sayohatchiga aylandi, har qanday masonlik ishlarini bajarishga qodir edi. Magistr loyiha menejeri sifatida malakaga ega bo'lib, ko'pincha me'mor sifatida ham ishlaydi. U bir kunlik ishini yo'lovchilar va shogirdlar tomonidan ijro etilishi uchun kuzatuv taxtasida chizib chiqardi.[26] 1598 yildagi Schaw Statutes bu Shotlandiya devorlarining lojali tizimida qanday rivojlanganligini ko'rsatadi. Shogird etti yillik muddatini o'tab, "kirgan shogird" ga aylanib, lojaga qo'shilish uchun pul to'lashni tanlashi mumkin edi. (Shu bilan bir qatorda, u qurilish ishlarining quyi sinflarida "kovan" sifatida frilansni tanlashi mumkin edi.) Sayohatchilar "sheriklar" yoki "hunarmandlar" deb nomlangan, bu Regius she'rining buyrug'iga muvofiq (51-satr). masonlar "boshqa patlarni kalxat bilan chaqirishlari" kerak. Lodge a'zolari "britaniyaliklar" (aka-uka) bo'lib, Shotlandiya bir-biriga qasamyod bilan bog'langanlar uchun qonuniy atamadir. Magistr shunchaki turar joy uchun mason bo'lgan yoki bu farqni keltirgan kishi edi.[27]

Qasam ichish qasamyodi uyushtirilgan devorlarning dastlabki yozuvlariga borib taqalsa-da, birinchi marosim 1696 yilgacha, Edinburg Ro'yxatdan o'tish uyining qo'lyozmasida. Bundan va o'sha davrdagi boshqa hujjatlardan, masalan, Trinity kolleji, Dublinning 1711 yildagi qo'lyozmasi, biz 17-asrning oxirida operativ lojali marosimi haqida g'oyani shakllantirishimiz mumkin. Kirgan shogirdning qasamyodini qabul qilish paytida masonga tegishli belgilar, "Mason so'zi" va katexizm ishonib topshirilgan. Bunga ko'plab ot o'yinlari hamrohlik qildi, bu, ehtimol, hunarmandchilik yanada yumshoqroq bo'lganligi sababli, aksizlangan. O'zaro hamkorlik yana qasamyod qilish uchun qilingan va unga yana ikkita so'z va 1696 yilda oyoqdan oyoqqa, tizzadan tizzaga, yurakdan yurakka, qo'ldan qo'lga va quloqdan quloqqa qadar bo'lgan "o'rtoqlikning beshta nuqtasi" ishonib topshirilgan. Hamkorlik va usta o'rtasidagi farq aniq emas va ko'plab hujjatlarda ular bir-biriga o'xshashdir. Qabul qilingan masonlar boshlandi, chunki turli xil so'zlar va belgilarni endi professional malaka deb hisoblash mumkin emas edi, kiritilgan shogird marosimi va hamkasblik / usta ba'zan bitta marosimda to'planib qoldi.[27]

Pritchardnikida Masonluk ajratilgan, 1730 yilda ko'ngilsiz sobiq mason tomonidan yozilgan masonlik marosimining fosh etilishi, biz birinchi marta zamonaviy masonlikning uchta darajasi sifatida taniqli narsani ko'rmoqdamiz.[50] Lodge qabul qilinganida, yangi mason tabiiy ravishda kirgan shogird, Fellowcraft va Master Mason darajalarida o'sib boradi. Hali ham lojali uchun mas'ul ustadan iborat va uning marosimlari, so'zlari va belgilarini o'z ichiga olgan O'rnatilgan usta unvoni saqlanib qolmoqda, ammo bir yil davomida lojani boshqarish uchun saylanish kerak.[51] Bu barcha konstitutsiyalar uchun umumiy bo'lgan "hunarmandchilik" devorlarining muntazam darajalari va darajalari. Boshqa, "yuqoriroq" darajalar ixtiyoriy va masonga yonma-yon buyurtma berishni talab qiladi, faqat ostida joylashgan lojalar bundan mustasno. Shotlandiyaning katta uyi Magistr Masonlarga Mark Master Mason darajasini berish huquqiga ega bo'lganlar, ikkinchi yoki Fellowcraft darajalariga qo'shimcha sifatida. (asosiy maqolaga qarang, Masonluk )

Andersonning 1723-yilgi konstitutsiyasida faqatgina "Kirilgan shogird" va "Fellowcraft / Master" darajalari tan olingan. Shuning uchun uchinchi daraja 1723 yildan 1730 yilgacha paydo bo'lgan va hunarmandchilikda tarqalish uchun biroz vaqt talab qilingan. Uning tarqalishi ko'plab olimlarga uch bosqichli tizim avvalgi materialni qayta tashkil etish kabi yangilik emasligini ko'rsatadiganga o'xshaydi.[26] Bir paytlar "Kiritilgan shogird" ga berilgan Mason so'zi endi uchinchi daraja bilan o'rtoqlashishning beshta nuqtasi bilan berildi va ilgari do'stlikka berilgan ikkita bog'langan so'zlar dastlabki ikki daraja o'rtasida bo'lindi. Yangi Master Mason darajasi afsonaga asoslangan edi Xiram Abiff, o'zi uch qismdan iborat. Birinchisi, Tiriyalik hunarmandning shimoliy isroillik onasi bilan shoh Sulaymon ibodatxonasini qurishda qatnashgan usta bo'lgan Bibliyadagi hikoyasi. Ikkinchisi, uning bo'ysunuvchilar tomonidan o'ldirilishi haqidagi voqea, bu frantsuzlarning afsonalaridan biriga o'xshaydi Uyg'unlik. Va nihoyat, 1725 yilgi Grem qo'lyozmasida topilgan jasad topilganligi va u bilan bog'lanishning beshta nuqtasidan kelib chiqadigan voqea, bu erda jasad qidirilayotgan va eksgumatsiya qilingan Nuhga tegishli.[52] Ushbu qayta tashkil etishning kelib chiqishi noma'lum. Uchinchi daraja berilishi haqida dastlabki ma'lumot Londondan, "Masonlardan tashkil topgan qisqa muddatli musiqiy jamiyat" Philo Musicae et Architecturae Societas Apollini "bayonnomasidan olingan. Ushbu daqiqalarda Charlz Pontning Fellowcraft darajasiga o'tishi va boshlanishi qayd etiladi. Keyin 1725 yil 12-mayda jamiyat ustoz mason sifatida birodar Paxta va birodar Papillion Ballni "topshirish" ni o'z zimmasiga oldi. Hozirgi kunda bu juda noqonuniy hisoblanadi. 1726 yil mart oyida Jabroil Porterfild Shotlandiyadagi Dumbarton Kilvinning uyida shu darajani oldi. Uning birinchi emasligi, atigi ikki oy oldin lojani tashkil etish to'g'risidagi protokol bilan tasdiqlangan bo'lib, unda shogirdlar, hunarmandlar va ustalar masonlar tashrif buyurganlar. 1728 yil dekabrda Grenok Kilvinning tashabbusi, o'tishi va ko'tarilishi uchun alohida to'lovlarni qayd etdi.[53][54]

Katta uylarning tarqalishi (1725–1750)

Boshlanish Parij 1745
Moderns Lodge 1805-ga o'xshash tarzda qayta ishlangan

Hatto Londonda ham hech qachon yangi Grand Lodge bilan aloqador bo'lmagan ko'plab lojalar mavjud edi. Ushbu aloqador bo'lmagan masonlar va ularning uylari "Eski masonlar" yoki "Sent-Jon masonlari" va "Sent-Jon lojalari" deb nomlangan.[55] Shunga qaramay, yangi markaziy organning ta'siri tezda tarqaldi va 1725 daqiqada shimolgacha bo'lgan o'nta viloyatdagi uylar haqida Salford, ichida viloyat Grand Lodges bilan Janubiy Uels va Cheshir.[26]

Xuddi shu yili Irlandiyada ikkinchi Grand Lodge tashkil etildi, bu butun Irlandiya uylarini o'z qanoti ostiga olish uchun bir necha o'n yillar davom etdi. Raqib Grand Lodges tezda Munster va Corkda paydo bo'ldi.[56] 1731 yildan beri ma'lum bo'lgan birinchi misol - Irlandiyada lagerning muntazamligini order berish bilan tan olish amaliyoti boshlandi.[57] Shotlandiyaning katta lojigi 1736 yilgacha tashkil topmagan.[27]

Shuningdek, 1725 yilda "Qadimgi va sharafli jamiyat va masonlarning birodarligi York shahrida qadim zamonlardan beri bo'lib o'tgan uchrashuv" unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi. Butun Angliya Grand Lodge York shahrida bo'lib o'tgan uchrashuv. "Buni raqobat deb talqin qilmaslik kerak, chunki bu ikki yurisdiksiyada bir-birining ustiga chiqadigan narsa bo'lmagan. Darhaqiqat, Andersonning tarixi Yorkda katta Grand Lojani kutgan bo'lar edi va London lojalari o'z vaqtida jihozlangan edi. Yigirma yil orqaga qaytgan daqiqalar bilan.Anderson 1738 yil Konstitutsiyalar "York shahrining qadimgi lojasi. Shotlandiya, Irlandiya. Frantsiya, Italiya va boshqalar lojalari" mustaqilligini tan oldi.[58]

Biroq, 1735 yilda Irlandiyalik lojaning ustasi va xizmatkorlari Buyuk Lojaga kirishdan bosh tortdilar, chunki ular Irlandiyaning Buyuk ustasining yozma vakolatiga ega emas edilar. Ko'rinishidan, ular Lord Kingston, keyin Irlandiyaning Buyuk ustasi va London Grand Lodjining Buyuk ustasi sifatida tan olingan deb umid qilishgan. Ularga inglizcha avtorizatsiya taklif qilindi va rad etildi. Bu ikki konstitutsiya o'rtasida bo'linish dalili sifatida talqin qilingan.[59]

Pritchard va boshqa masonlik marosimlarining mashhurligiga javoban, Grand Lodge, bu vaqt marosim va parollarga o'zgartirish kiritib, begonalarning o'zlarini mason sifatida tan olishlarini qiyinlashtirdi. Ushbu o'zgarishlar filiallar tomonidan qabul qilinmagan. The Goose and Gridiron (now Lodge of Antiquity No. 2), one of the original and most senior lodges of the constitution, never adopted them. For the unaffiliated, the innovations simply deepened the division. At the time, London was absorbing many economic migrants from Ireland. Those who were already Freemasons felt that they could not work with the new ritual, and the lodges they formed swelled further the numbers of unaffiliated lodges in the capital.[60]

In the same period, Freemasonry as practiced by the English, Irish and Scottish lodges began to spread to Europe. The establishment of the first Grand Lodge in France is particularly problematic. Freemasonry itself appears to have been established in France by exiled Yakobitlar. The Grand Lodge of France dates its foundation to 1728, when it claims the Grand Master was the Uorton gersogi.[61] Biroz Buyuk Sharq seals date the first Grand Lodge to 1736 (the split between the Grand Lodge and the Grand Orient occurred in 1773).[62] French histories date the first Grand Lodge to 24 June 1738.[63] The situation seems confused, as other histories state that the first legitimate Grand Lodge was formed on 11 December 1743 as "The English Grand Lodge of France" with the Count of Clermont as grand master.[64] Although the government of the craft was in the hands of a series of deputies, the protection of the count until his death in 1771 afforded French masonry a period of stability and growth. As masonry was persecuted in other catholic states, the moral and egalitarian nature of the French lodges accorded with the spirit of the age.[65]

Although Anderson seems to imply the existence of an Italian Grand Lodge, no such body existed until the creation of the Italiyaning Buyuk Sharqi 1805 yilda.[66] The first lodge was the English Lodge ("La Loggia degli Inglesi") in Florence, founded in 1731,[67] and Freemasonry quickly spread, in spite of a series of Papal bans.[66]

The first appearance of the many German Grand Lodges dates from the 1740s, notably "Of the Three Globes", founded in Berlin in 1744, which became the "Grand National Mother Lodge" in 1772. Buyuk Frederik became a Freemason while he was still Crown Prince and personally sanctioned the Berlin Lodge.[64] Although a few authors cite the existence of German operative grand lodges as far back as that formed at Cologne Cathedral in 1250,[68] continuity of tradition has been hard to prove, and most sources believe the Eighteenth-century German speculative lodges show descent from the English model.[69][64]

Freemasonry was brought to the Rossiya imperiyasi by foreign officers in the Russian service. Masalan; misol uchun, Jeyms Keyt lojali ustasi sifatida qayd etilgan Sankt-Peterburg in 1732–34.[70] Several years later his cousin John Keith, 3rd Kintorening grafligi was appointed Provincial Grand Master of Russia by the Grand Lodge of England.[70] 1770-yillarning boshlarida, Ivan Yelagin succeeded in reorganizing Russian Freemasonry into a far-reaching system that united some 14 lodges and about 400 government officials. He secured English authorization of the first Russian Grand Lodge and became its Provincial Grand Master.[71] Most Russian lodges were attracted to the Shved marosimi. 1782 yilda Ivan Schwarz represented Russia at the masonic congress in Wilhelmsbad (a health resort in Xanau ), where Russia was recognized as the 8th province of the Qat'iy rioya qilish marosimi.[72] Qarang Rossiyada masonlik tarixi batafsil ma'lumot uchun.

Rival Grand Lodges

Third degree ceremony, Paris, 1745, retinted in 1812 to resemble a Moderns Lodge in London

On 17 July 1751, representatives of six Lodges gathered at the Turk's Head Tavern, in Yunon ko'chasi, Soho, London. Five were unaffiliated lodges of mainly Irish membership, and the sixth appears to have been formed shortly beforehand for the business of the evening. On that night, they established the "Most Ancient and Honourable Society of Free and Accepted Masons according to the Old Constitutions", now commonly known as the Grand Lodge of the Antients. The first Grand Secretary, John Morgan, obtained a position in the Navy, and resigned after seven months. Uning vorisi, Laurence Dermott, presided as Grand Secretary for almost twenty years, being deputy Grand Master on three occasions after that, and exercised considerable influence until his death in 1791.[60]

Dermott's immediate impact was in replacing the regulations that Morgan had written with those of his own lodge in Dublin. In 1756 he published the Antient's own book of constitutions, entitled the "Ahiman Rezon ", for which no meaning is known. Modeled on Spratt's Irish Constitutions,[73] the regulations are comprehensive and well written, and are followed by an extended section devoted to songs. At the beginning, instead of Anderson's history, is an extended introduction attacking the original Grand Lodge, now calling itself the Grand Lodge of England, but saddled by Dermott with "the Moderns" in contrast to the "Ancient" usages of the new Grand Lodge. This name remains in use to the present day. His main weapon was satire. He started with an account of how he attempted to write a history which would better the others by describing masonry before Adam, but towards the end of the first volume, he fell asleep. He dreamed of a conversation with Ahimon, one of four sojourners from Jerusalem, about the futility of masonic histories, after which an ancient in a shining breastplate perused his first volume and pronounced, "Thou hast div'd deep into the water, and hast brought up a potsherd". He was woken by his neighbour's puppy eating his manuscript. Dermott then proceeded to a reasoned explanation of why a new Mason should not join a "Moderns" lodge, since their amended passwords would not be recognised by any of the other Grand Lodges which at that time existed. There follows a humorous account of their "unconstitutional fopperies", including Dermott's belief that their greatest masonic symbols were the knife and fork.[74]

Under Dermott's influence, penmanship, and oratory, the new Grand Lodge grew to be a serious challenge to the original. The Antient's lodges were warranted from 1752, a practice not taken up by the Moderns for another two decades. As the unaffiliated lodges increasingly saw the sense of belonging to a larger organisation, they usually found that the Antients practice was closer to their own, although it was known for lodges to change allegiance from the Antients to the Moderns. The fact that the practices eventually adopted by the United Grand Lodge largely reflect those of the Antients is attributable to Dermott's industry.[60]

While the emergence of the Antients simply consolidated a division in English Freemasonry, a schism occurred within the Moderns in 1777/78. While this only involved one lodge, it was the oldest and most prestigious in the constitution, and its Master the Moderns' most respected author and historian. Uilyam Preston was already in dispute with the Grand Secretary over the royalties to the new Book of Constitutions he had just written. Some members of his Lodge of Antiquity (formerly the Goose and Gridiron, or the Old Lodge of St Paul's), having attended church as masons, walked back to the lodge in their regalia. Three brethren saw fit to report this to the Moderns Grand Lodge as an unauthorised masonic parade. Preston, the Master of Antiquity, sided with the accused, arguing that since the lodge was one of the original four, it had only subscribed to the original constitutions, and did not require any other authority to hold a parade. For this, he was promptly expelled. Antiquity responded by expelling the three who had complained. At least half of the lodge seceded to the Grand Lodge of All England at York, quoting Article 39 of Payne's regulations, that the Landmarks of the order must be preserved in any new regulations of Grand Lodge (alluding to their own rights and privileges). Antiquity became, for the period of separation, "the Grand Lodge of All England South of the River Trent", warranting at least two lodges in its own right. The dispute was not resolved until May 1789, when Preston and his brethren were received back into the Moderns with much feasting and fanfare.[75]

A similar situation arose in Scotland. Seniority was assigned according to the dating of lodge minutes, and due to a fire, Kilwinning records started at 1642, somewhat later than the Lodge of St Mary's Chapel in Edinburgh. Offended by being recognised as only the second lodge in the constitution, Lodge Mother Kilwinning withdrew from the Grand Lodge of Scotland in 1743, and did not rejoin until 1807. During this period, Kilwinning functioned as yet another Grand Lodge, chartering about 70 lodges in Scotland and abroad. While the two Grand Lodges ignored each other at an official level, there does not appear to have been any real animosity, with no bar on masons visiting lodges in the competing jurisdiction. One Kilwinning member became Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland.[76] The Lodge at Melrose, claiming an antiquity at least as great as Kilwinning, simply ignored the Grand Lodge of Scotland, again chartering daughter lodges, with the Master being addressed as "Grand Master". They finally joined the national body on 25 February 1891 as The Lodge Of Melrose St John No 1 bis.[77]

In the wake of the French Revolution, the British Government became uneasy about possible revolutionary conspiracies. Amongst other repressive measures, Pittniki government proposed to introduce the Unlawful Societies Act in 1799, which declared that any body which administered a secret oath was illegal. Acting quickly, a delegation representing the Ancients, Moderns and the Grand Lodge of Scotland arranged a meeting with the Prime Minister. The delegation included the Atoll gersogi, Grand Master of the Ancients, and Past Grand Master Mason of the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Moira grafligi, Acting Grand Master of the Moderns (the Grand Master being the Uels shahzodasi ). As a result of this meeting, Freemasons were specifically excluded from the act, although lodges were obliged to return a list of members to the local Clerk of the Peace, a practice which continued until 1967. It also demonstrated that the two rival Grand Lodges could act together.[78]

Establishment of Freemasonry in North America

Asosiy maqolalar: Shimoliy Amerikadagi masonik katta uylarning tarixi va Shahzoda Xoll masonligi

In 1682, John Skene, Born in Scotland came to New Jersey and is dedicated by the Nyu-Jersi Grand Lodge As the first Freemason resident in america.

Henry Price, "Provincial Grand Master of New England and Dominions and Territories thereunto belonging"

In 1733, Henry Price, the Provincial Grand Master over all of North America for the Angliyaning Grand Lodge, granted a charter to a group of Boston Freemasons. This lodge was later named St. John's Lodge and was the first duly constituted lodge in America.[79] Between 1733 and 1737 the Grand Lodge in England warranted Provincial Grand Lodges in Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania and South Carolina. Benjamin Franklin re-issued Anderson's 1723 constitutions as Provincial Grand Master of Pennsylvania.[4] Franklin had written in the Pennsylvania Gazette of 8 December 1730 of the several lodges of freemasons already in the "province", joined St. John's Lodge in Philadelphia the following year, and in 1732 was Junior Grand Warden of the Grand Lodge of Philadelphia. All this before the "first" lodge in North America.[80][81]

Correspondence from John Moore, the collector for the port of Philadelphia and himself a Mason, indicate that Masonic Lodges were meeting in Philadelphia in 1715. The present Grand Lodge has the Carmick manuscript, a handwritten copy of the ancient charges dating from 1727, and headed "The Constitutions of St. John's Lodge". Colonel Daniel Coxe was made Provincial Grand Master of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania by the Grand Lodge of England in 1730, with effect from 24 June (St. John the Baptist's day) for two years. It is unclear whether he was in America or England at the time, but he was present at Grand Lodge, at the Devil Tavern in London, on 29 January 1731, where he is minuted as Provincial Grand Master of North America. There is no record of his chartering any lodges, but he arranged for St. John's Lodge to double as a Provincial Grand Lodge, and appointed his successor in 1731, a year early. Notwithstanding the acceptance of Coxe as their first Provincial Grand Master, it has been suggested that the formation of the new Grand Lodge by consenting pre-existing lodges makes it a Grand Lodge by "Immemorial right", and a sister lodge to the Grand Lodges of England Scotland and Ireland.[82][83]

North America would have many independent lodges in the 18th century. Authorisation, which later would become a Warrant, took time and expense, especially in the period when the nearest Grand Lodge was on the other side of the Atlantic. Many lodges became "self starters", and only applied for Grand Lodge authorisation when they were reasonably confident that the lodge would survive for more than a few years. Jorj Vashington was initiated into the Lodge of Fredericksburg in 1752.[84] The same lodge was chartered by the Shotlandiyaning katta uyi 1758 yilda.[27] The first properly chartered "Scottish" lodge was only two years earlier, being the Lodge of St. Andrews in Boston. A'zolar kiritilgan Pol Revere va Jozef Uorren, and (according to some) later lodge outings included the Boston choyxonasi.[81]

Many lodges were attached British Army regiments. The Moderns may have been wary of warranting lodges without a permanent address, so there was only one Grand Lodge of England warrant in the continental army from 1775 to 1777. The Antients and the Grand Lodge of Scotland were slightly better represented, but the overwhelming majority of regimental lodges held warrants from the Grand Lodge of Ireland.[81] Thus it was that a group of African Americans, having been rejected by the lodges in Boston, were initiated into Lodge No 441 on the register of the Grand Lodge of Ireland, which was attached to the 38th Foot (later the 1st Staffordshire). These 15 men formed African Lodge No 1, as the British departed, leaving them a permit to do almost everything but admit new masons. Two of the members were seafarers, and obtained entrance to a lodge in London, being recognised as regularly initiated Masons. This enabled their master, Prince Hall, to apply to the Moderns for a charter, which was duly granted on 29 September 1784, now as 459-sonli Afrika turar joyi. Such was the success of the lodge that it became a Provincial Grand Lodge, and Prince Hall the Provincial Grand Master. After his death, the provincial lodges reconstituted themselves as a grand lodge (African Grand Lodge), becoming Prince Hall Grand Lodge in 1847.[85] Around the same time, the history of Meksikada masonlik can be traced to at least 1806 when the first Masonic lodge was formally established in the nation.[86]

Royal Arch Freemasonry

Asosiy maqola: Muqaddas Royal Arch

The majority of this article deals with craft, or "blue lodge" masonry, the three degrees that are common to all masonic lodges and jurisdictions. Further degrees are usually outside of the jurisdiction of Grand Lodges, involve separate ceremonies, and are regulated by different Masonik jismlar. The number and names of the "chivalric" orders and degrees depend on the local tradition of Freemasonry, and have varied greatly over the years.[27] The oldest of these, and the most universal, is the Royal Arch Chapter (the Muqaddas Royal Arch Angliyada).

Although some masonic writers have attempted to see Royal Arch symbolism in material from the 1720s, the earliest definite reference is to a Royal Arch in a procession in Dublin preceding the master and held aloft by two "Excellent Masons". In 1744 it is mentioned as a degree in Dr Dassigny's "Serious and Impartial Inquiry".[26]

Laurence Dermott, the guiding force behind the Ancients Grand Lodge, claimed to have been made a Royal Arch Mason in Dublin in 1746. He referred to it as the fourth degree, and campaigned to have it recognised as such. This happened just after he died, and only twenty years before the union of the Ancients and Moderns. The Moderns, on the other hand, had created a separate Grand Chapter in 1765 to deal with the degree, and wished to keep it separate from pure craft masonry. This would be a point of contention as the two jurisdictions moved towards union. The second of the articles of union stated that there were but three degrees in "pure Ancient Masonry", but included the Royal Arch in the third degree. The degree continues to be administered by a separate Grand Chapter, and until a revision in 2004,[87] English Master Masons were simply told that the degree of the Holy Royal Arch completes their third degree.[88][89]

The oldest Irish records of the ritual indicate that Royal Arch Chapters originally administered three degrees. The first was based on the refurbishment of the first ma'bad tomonidan Shoh Yo'shiyo. The second was a short bridge to the third, which was based on the rebuilding of the temple after the surgun. Most jurisdictions base the modern Royal Arch ritual on the post-exilic legend. In 1864, the Grand Chapter of Ireland decided to base their ritual on the reign of Josiah, the main practical difference being the names of the officers.[26]

19th century Freemasonry

Union of 1813

In 1809, the Grand Lodge of England (the Moderns) set up a "Lodge of Promulgation". Its purpose was to "revert to the Ancient Land Marks of the Society" and to promulgate those landmarks amongst the brethren. One of its members was the Sasseks gersogi, the Master of the Lodge of Antiquity, No 2, and sixth son of Jorj III.[90] The result of their labours was a reply to the Ancients in 1811 that the Grand Lodge had resolved to "return to the Ancient Landmarks...when it should be ascertained what those ancient landmarks and obligations were." Both Grand Lodges moved visibly towards union, forming committees to negotiate the precise terms. The main sticking point was the inability of the Ancients' committee to decide anything without reporting back to a quarterly meeting of their own Grand Lodge. In October 1812, the Ancients allayed the frustration of the Moderns by granting their commissioners full powers.[91] Ko'p o'tmay, Moira grafligi resigned as acting Grand Master of the Moderns, due to his appointment as Governor General of India. His successor was the Duke of Sussex, who became Grand Master the next January on the resignation of his brother, the Prince of Wales. On 1 December 1813, the Atoll gersogi ceded the leadership of the Ancients to the Kent gersogi, the older brother of Sussex and the father of Qirolicha Viktoriya. Kent had already presided over the union of the Ancients and Moderns in Canada, accomplished by the brutally simple expedient of merging the lodges of the Moderns with the nearest lodge of the Ancients. The Moderns in Canada had simply ceased to exist.[92] These two men oversaw the union in 1813 to form the Angliyaning birlashgan Grand Lodge, with the Duke of Sussex appointed as Grand Master of the new body.

The actual process of unification continued for some years, first with the Lodge of Reconciliation (1813–1816), made up of two lodges, one of each constitution, which ironed out some sort of ritual acceptable to the two parties. The work of this lodge was spread by the Stability Lodge of Instruction (1817) and fleshed out by the Emulation Lodge of Improvement (1823 onwards).[90] The new Grand Lodge essentially ended up with the ritual of the Ancients and the infrastructure of the Moderns. While the "Emulation Ritual" became the standard, many variations still exist which, while mutually recognisable, present many flavours of Masonic ritual within the English Constitution.[60]

Morgan affair and decline in American Freemasonry (1826–c.1850)

Asosiy maqola: Uilyam Morgan (antiqeyson)

1826 yilda, Uilyam Morgan disappeared from Batavia, New York, after threatening to expose Freemasonry's secrets, causing some to claim that he had been murdered by Masons. What exactly occurred has never been conclusively proven. However, Morgan's disappearance – and the minimal punishment received by his kidnappers – sparked a series of protests against Freemasons throughout the United States, especially in New York and neighboring states. The protracted backlash led to many masons leaving the craft. The Grand Lodge of New York controlled 227 lodges in 1827, but only 41 in 1835.[93]

Rahbarligida Thurlow Weed, an anti-Masonic and anti-Endryu Jekson (Jackson was a Mason) movement grew to become the Masonlarga qarshi partiya and made the ballot for the presidency in 1828 while gaining the support of such notable politicians as Uilyam X.Syuard. Its influence was such that other Jackson rivals, including Jon Kvinsi Adams, denounced the Masons. In 1847, Adams wrote a widely distributed book titled Letters on the Masonic Institution that was highly critical of the Masons. In 1832, the party fielded Uilyam Virt uning prezidentlikka nomzodi sifatida. This was rather ironic because he was, in fact, a Freemason, and even gave a speech at the Anti-Masonic convention defending the organization. The party only received seven electoral votes. Three years later, the party had disbanded in every state save Pensilvaniya, as other issues such as qullik had become the focus of national attention.[94]

American Freemasons during the Civil War

The fortunes of American Freemasonry declined sharply following the Morgan Affair, only to rebound as the force of the Anti-Masonic movement sputtered out in the mid-1830s. By the late 1850s, masonry in America was the subject of renewed popular interest and lodge membership, which had bottomed out during the anti-Masonic period began to rise. By the time of the American Civil War, U.S. freemasonry tripled its membership from 66,000 to 200,000 members in over 5000 lodges nationwide. This surge in membership helps explain, at least in part, the many stories of Masonic fraternisation during the American Civil War, which include accounts of Masonic soldiers and sailors rescuing enemy combatants who identified themselves as members of the fraternity. Masonic incidents are also recorded involving Freemasons burying their own with Masonic formalities during battle, as well as aid and special treatment given to Masonic POWs.[95]

After the Civil War, American Freemasonry flourished along with other fraternal organizations during the so-called "Golden Age of Fraternalism " from approximately 1870 to 1920.[96]

Frantsiya

In France, the number of Freemasons grew from 10,000 in 1802, when Napoleon gave it semi-official status, to 20,000 in 1889, 32,000 in 1908, 40,000 in 1926, and about 60,000 in 1936. At an early stage, nearly all the lodges were affiliated with the Radical party.[97] Zeldin argues that in 19th century France:

Freemasonry appealed first of all to people who liked mystic ritual, esoteric symbolism and fancy uniforms, and to those who like to have somewhere to discuss ideas and meet like-minded friends. Increasingly however it became an organization which politicians used for electoral purposes in which civil servants joined in order to further their chances of promotion, which hotel-keepers found useful as a way of enlarging their clientele and where businessmen could make deals and find jobs for their sons.[98]

Rumors were rife, especially in conservative circles, that the order secretly ran the government, and was the main source of materialistic and anti-clerical propaganda. Zeldin concludes that was a "vast exaggeration." The details are known because the Vichy regime in 1941 seized the archives, and failed to find significant evidence. While the order did support anti-clerical campaigns, it did not initiate them. Its primary role was to serve as a social club which the members could rise in the world, and get 10% discounts in shops owned by fellow Masons. The chapters provided some charity and life insurance. 1904 yilda a scandal erupted chunki Grand Orient de France lodges were asked by the Radical government to secretly collect information about the religious and political affiliations of army officers, with a view to blocking the promotion of Catholics. When the news leaked out, the government was forced to resign. The concern with Radical politics gradually declined, and it disappeared after 1945.[99][100]

Ga binoan Ernest Belfort Bax, Freemasons were responsible for the last serious attempt at conciliation between Versailles and the Parij kommunasi on 21 April 1871. They were received coldly by Adolphe Thiers, who assured them that, though Paris was given over to destruction and slaughter, the law should be enforced, and he kept his word. A few days after they decided, in a public meeting, to plant their banner on the ramparts and throw in their lot with the Commune. On the 29th, accordingly, 10,000 of the brethren met (55 lodges being represented), and marched to the Hôtel de Ville, headed by the Grand Masters in full insignia and the banners of the lodges. Amongst them the new banner of Vincennes was conspicuous, bearing the inscription in red letters on a white ground, "Love one another." A balloon was then sent up, which let fall at intervals, outside Paris, a manifesto of the Freemasons. The procession then wended its way through the boulevards and the Champs Elysées to the Arc de Triomphe, where the banners were planted at various points along the ramparts. On seeing the white flag on the Porte Maillot the Versaillese ceased firing, and the commander, himself a Freemason, received a deputation of brethren, and suggested a final appeal to Versailles, which was agreed to. The "chief of the executive" hardly listened to the envoys, and declined to further discuss the question of peace with anyone. This last formal challenge having been made and rejected, the Freemasons definitely took their stand as combatants for the Commune.[101]

Buyuk shism

Shuningdek qarang: Masonlarning doimiy yurisdiksiyalari va Kontinental masonlik

The schism between French and English Freemasonry is popularly supposed to originate at a general assembly of the Grand Orient de France in September 1877. Accepting a recommendation in a report by a Protestant minister, Frédéric Desmons, the assembly, on a majority vote, amended its constitutions to read "Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity". The words "Its principles are the existence of God, the immortality of the soul and human solidarity" were struck out. The Angliyaning birlashgan Grand Lodge 's (UGLE) response was a resolution in March 1878 that "the Grand Lodge, whilst always anxious to receive in the most fraternal spirit the Brethren of any Foreign Grand Lodge whose proceedings are conducted according to the Ancient Landmarks of the Order, of which a belief in T. G. A. O. T. U. (the Great Architect of the Universe) is the first and most important, cannot recognise as ‘true and genuine’ Brethren any who have been initiated in Lodges which either deny or ignore that belief". Relations between the two governing bodies effectively ceased, purportedly because the French body had removed the requirement for a belief in a supreme being. However, UGLE had just entered into fraternal relations with the Belgiyaning Buyuk Sharqi, which had removed the Great Architect from its constitutions in 1872, a relationship which lasted until 1921. The reasons for the split are obviously deeper and more complex than the official records suggest.[102]

Mutual distrust between English and French Freemasons was apparent in the 1850s, when French Masonic refugees were appalled at the relationship between UGLE and the Monarchy, aristocracy, and the Anglican church. The English distrusted the mysticism of French Masonry, and its ideals of Fraternity and Universality.[103]

Desmons' review had been prompted by the Lozanna 1875 yilgi Oliy Kengashlar Kongressi. Eleven countries were represented at an attempt to unify the Qadimgi va qabul qilingan Shotlandiya marosimi. An agreement on colonial lodges would have seen the UGLE as the only recognised masonic grand lodge in British colonies, in spite of the Scottish and Irish lodges already flourishing there. The Scottish delegate, Mackersy, who also represented Greece, withdrew. His letter of withdrawal cited his jurisdiction's disagreement with any shift from the requirement for a member to believe in a personal god. He said that he believed the congress would agree to a non-requirement, or the specification of a vague universal principle. In avoiding ratifying a treaty which would obliterate Scottish lodges in the colonies, Mackersy sparked a debate that led to the removal of a requirement for an open volume of scripture in French lodges. The English interpretation of this as a slide towards atheism was probably partly prompted by the difficult political relationship between Britain and France at that time.[104]

The gulf between UGLE and GOdF widened due to the French body's active engagement in politics, on a personal and organisational level. All discussion of politics and religion is expressly banned from English lodges.[105]

Legacy of the Schism

Davomida Birinchi jahon urushi, many American lodges relaxed their opposition to the Grand Orient de France to allow servicemen to engage with other masons while in France. Many of these continue to allow their members to associate with continental Freemasons.[105]

In December 1913, UGLE recognised a new Grand Lodge in France. The basis of this recognition was the series of obligations that the Independent and Regular National Grand Lodge of France (keyinchalik Grande Loge Nationale Française ) imposed on its lodges. Bular:

  1. Lodge ish paytida Muqaddas Kitob har doim qurbongohda ochiq bo'ladi.
  2. The ceremonies will be conducted in strict conformity with the Ritual of the "Regime Rectifié" which is followed by these Lodges, a Ritual which was drawn up in 1778 and sanctioned in 1782, and with which the Duke of Kent was initiated in 1792.
  3. Lodge har doim da'vat bilan va Olamning Buyuk me'mori nomi bilan ochiladi va yopiladi. Orden va Lojalarning barcha chaqiriqlari Koinotning Buyuk me'morining ramzlari bilan nashr etiladi.
  4. Lojada diniy yoki siyosiy muhokamalarga yo'l qo'yilmaydi.
  5. Bunday turar joy hech qachon rasmiy siyosiy ishlarda qatnashmaydi, ammo har bir birodar fikr va harakatlarning to'liq erkinligini saqlab qoladi.
  6. Lodjda faqat Angliyaning Buyuk Lojasi tomonidan haqiqiy birodarlar deb tan olingan birodarlar qabul qilinadi.

These "basic principles" were accepted by UGLE itself in 1929, and written into its constitutions.[102]

Taxil aldovi

Asosiy maqola: Taxil aldovi

Between the years 1885 and 1897, Leo Taksil maintained a hoax against both Freemasonry and the Roman Catholic Church, by making increasingly outlandish claims regarding Freemasonry. On 19 April 1897, Taxil called a press conference at which he claimed he would introduce the "author" of his books to the press. He instead announced that his revelations about the Freemasons were fictitious.[106] Nevertheless, the material is still used on some anti-Masonic websites today.[107]

20th century Freemasonry

Freemasonry under totalitarian regimes (1900–present)

Asosiy maqola: Masonlikning bostirilishi

Many twentieth century totalitar regimes, both Fascist and Communist, have treated Freemasonry as a potential source of opposition due to its secret nature and international connections (not to mention its promotion of religious and political tolerance through its symbolism). It has been alleged by Masonic scholars that the language used by the totalitarian regimes is similar to that used by some modern critics of Freemasonry.[108][109]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar va eslatmalar

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Bibliografiya

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