Isroil keramika - Israeli ceramics

Isroil keramika ichida ishlab chiqarilgan keramika Falastin yoki Isroil 20-asrning boshidan boshlab. An'anaviyga qo'shimcha ravishda sopol idishlar, Isroilda rassomlar bor, ularning asarlari sanoat sharoitida yaratilgan. 1970-yillarning oxiriga qadar Isroilda tabiatning mahalliy qadriyatlarini ifoda etuvchi mahalliy urf-odatlar mavjud edi Sionist shaxsiyat. 1980-yillardan boshlab ushbu an'anani buzishga intilgan badiiy iboralar keramikani boshqa badiiy vositalar bilan va shaxsiy, tanqidiy kun tartiblari bilan birlashtirgan isroillik rassomlarning asarlarida paydo bo'la boshladi.

1900–1930 yillarda Isroil yurtida kulolchilikning boshlanishi

Loydan idishlar yasaydigan arab ayollar, Ramalloh

Falastin keramika

20-asr boshlarida asr Falastin Isroilda ustun bo'lgan mahalliy materiallardan sopol idishlar yaratish an'anasi.[1] Kulolchilik asosiy funktsional bo'lib, asosan Isroil erida mahalliy aholidan foydalanish uchun mo'ljallangan. Boshqa kemalar qo'shni hududlardan olib kelingan.

Potalar g'ildiraklariga asosan shahar joylarda yoki kulolchilik qishloqlarida tashlangan. Bu an'anaviy ravishda erkaklar tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan hunarmandchilik edi. 1928 yilda Isroil erlari ko'chalarida o'tkazilgan ro'yxatga olish paytida Britaniya mandati, 77 kulolchilik qishloqlari (ayrim shaxslar yoki guruhlar) ro'yxatga olingan bo'lsa, 1931 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olishda 211 xil kulolchilik qishloqlari ro'yxatga olingan.[2] Kulollar oilalarining geografik yaqinligiga asoslanib, kulolchilik qishloqlarining aksariyati markazlashgan edi. Bunga misollarni Rashia al-Faxardagi kulolchilik qishloqlarida o'tkazilgan kulolchilik ustaxonalarida topish mumkin (Tel Faher ) etagida Hermon tog'i.[3] Yoki ichida Xevron, Alfahori oilasining turli ustaxonalarida. Ushbu idishlar yog'och, ko'mir yoki hayvonlarning axlatini yoqib yuboradigan an'anaviy pechlarda past haroratda yoqilgan. Turli seminarlar bo'lib o'tdi G'azo shuningdek, ular arpa po'stlog'i kabi organik materiallarni o'choqqa qo'shish yoki kamdan-kam otish orqali ishlab chiqarilgan noyob qora sopol idishlar (fخخr اsud) ishlab chiqarishgan. Ushbu materiallarning o'choq ichidagi yonishi natijasida paydo bo'lgan tutun sopol idishga o'ziga xos qora rangni berdi.[4]

Bundan tashqari, mahalliy aholi tomonidan pishirish va boshqa utilitar maqsadlarda foydalanish uchun loydan somon yoki shag'al bilan aralashtirilgan idishlar ishlab chiqarish an'anasi mavjud edi. Ushbu ish ayollar tomonidan qo'l bilan amalga oshirilgan va kostryulkalar qo'lbola pechlarda, oshxona pechlarida yoqilgan yoki ba'zida umuman yoqilmagan. Samariya hududida ishlab chiqarilgan ushbu turdagi sopol idishlar Ramalloh Masalan, odatda zanglagan temirdan yasalgan rang bilan bezatilgan Iordaniya vodiysi.[5]

Asr rivojlanib borishi bilan ushbu an'ana sanoatlashtirish natijasida yo'q bo'lib keta boshladi va bundan tashqari, 80-yillardan boshlab raqobatdosh boshqa mamlakatlardan sopol idishlar olib kelina boshladi.[6] Masalan, 1989 yilgacha Xevronda 11 xil ustaxona faoliyat ko'rsatgan. Biroq, 2007 yilga kelib u erda faqat 8 kulol qoldi.[7] 1983 yilda Eretz Isroil muzeyi Livanning Rashia al Faxar qishlog'ining sopol buyumlari namoyish etiladigan ko'rgazmani tashkil etdi.[8]

Armaniston keramika san'ati

Armaniston keramika buyumlari Quddusdagi Sifat uyida (Sent-Jon ko'z kasalxonasi guruhi ), Quddus

1918 yil oxirida Buyuk Britaniya harbiy ma'muriyati va Quddusni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi jamiyat a'zolari usta Devid Ohannessianni taklif qilishdi Arman Usmonli Kütahyadan keramika ustasi va Halabda qochqin bo'lib yashagan arman genotsididan omon qolgan Quddusga keramik plitalarini yangilash uchun Tosh gumbazi. 1919 yilning yoz oyi oxirida Ohansnessiy zarur xom ashyolarni olish va o'zi bilan birga Quddusga qaytish va uning ustaxonasida qatnashish uchun qolgan xom ashyolarni olish uchun Buyuk Britaniya harbiy ma'muriyati himoyasi ostida Kütahyaga qaytib keldi. Ushbu birinchi arman atelyesi, qisman, badiiy va qo'l san'atlari harakati sharoitida inglizlarning an'anaviy san'atga qiziqishi bilan qo'llab-quvvatlandi. Armaniston kulolchilik san'ati XV asrdan, Usmonli Anadolu shaharlaridan boshlangan Iznik va Kütahya, ammo Isroil erining qadimiy san'ati va nasroniylik naqshlarining kombinatsiyasi noyob badiiy sintezni yaratdi.

Dastlabki yillarning taniqli rassomi edi Devid Ohansiyan binolar va yodgorliklarda keramika dekorativ san'atini loyihalashga ixtisoslashgan, ularning aksariyati Britaniya mandati hukumati tomonidan buyurtma qilingan. U asos solgan ustaxona - "Tosh plitalari gumbazi" nafaqat monumental asarlarni, balki utilitar va dekorativ sopol buyumlarni ham ishlab chiqardi. Ohansiyning Quddusda ishlab chiqargan eng muhim asarlari qatoriga plitkalar ham kiritilgan American Colony mehmonxonasi (1923), Seynt-Jon kasalxonasidagi favvoralar uyi, ichida kafel bilan ishlangan gumbaz Rokfeller muzeyi bog 'va boshqalar uning bezaklarida ko'rinadigan naqshlar orasida Sarvlar daraxtlar, lolalar, va an'anaviy Saljuqiyga xos bo'lgan uzumzorlar va Usmonli dekorativ san'at.[9] Ohansiy o'z asarlari bilan Quddusning ikonografiyasini, Armanistonning O'rta asrlardagi yoritilishlaridan olingan raqamlarni, Evropaning Uyg'onish majolikasidan olingan tarixiy naqshlar va shakllarni va Armanistonning Quddusdagi V-VI asr mozaikasi zaminidan chizilgan qushlarning motiflarini Muqaddas shaharda arxeologik qazish paytida topdi. 1890 yillar davomida bir nechtasini aytib o'tish mumkin.

Ohansiyning Quddusda asos solgan ustaxonasi, birinchi jahon urushi va Suriyaga surgun qilinishidan oldin gullab-yashnagan Usmonli Anatoliyadagi Kütahya shahridagi atelyesida kulolchilik an'analariga amal qilgan va kuzatgan. An'anaviy usullarga ko'ra, loy va sirni aralashtirish, g'ildirak tashlash, loyihalash, bo'yash va otish jarayonlarini turli xil hunarmandlar bajargan, ularning hammasi Ohannessian tomonidan boshqarilgan, ularning ba'zilari dizaynga ixtisoslashgan va boshqalari kulolchilik g'ildiragi ustalari bo'lganlar. . Ohansness san'atning barcha jabhalarida mohir edi va Anatoliyada bo'lgani kabi turli xil shogirdlar tayyorladi. U seramika va dizaynni bo'yash bo'yicha alohida tajribaga ega edi. Via Dolorosa ustaxonasi tashkil etilgandan so'ng u bilan hamkorlik qildi Yaqin Sharqdagi yordam, bir qator arman yetimlarini genotsidga o'rgatish, ularga professional asosda san'at bilan shug'ullanish ko'nikmalarini berish. Uning ustaxonasida ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulotlarning bir qismi, xususan, yodgorlikdagi me'morchilik kafel ishlari bosh rassom tomonidan imzolangan. Ko'plab boshqa vaza va plitalar o'zlarining ishlab chiqaruvchilarini pastki qismida, odatda oxra bilan bo'yalgan kichik sirlangan bosh harflar orqali aniqladilar. Ohannessian ustaxonasida 1919 yilda uning talablariga binoan qurilgan toshdan yasalgan o'tin yoqadigan pech ishlatilgan. Ushbu ustaxonada qo'llanilgan model keyinchalik Quddusda tashkil etilgan boshqa arman ustaxonalari uchun ishlatilgan.

Rassomlar Megardish Karakashian va Nishan Balian 1922 yilda Ohannessianning ustaxonasidan chiqib, birgalikda "Falastin kulolchiligi" nomli ustaxonani tashkil etdi va u erda an'anaviy turkiy kulolchilik san'atiga begona tasviriy tasvirlar bilan dizayn chizig'ini ishlab chiqdilar (Kütahyoning o'zining majoziy an'analari bundan mustasno. Masalan, ularning ikkitasi Isroil zaminida kashf etilgan qadimiy mozaikalardan, masalan, "Qushlar mozaikasi" (Quddus) yoki Xisham saroyi yilda Erixo. Ko'pincha bu tasvirlar xristian diniy talqinlari bilan singdirilgan.[10] Qo'shma ustaxona doimiy ravishda 1964 yilgacha, Stefan Karakashian ishlagan[11] va Mari Balian, asoschilarning merosxo'rlari, ular yaratgan yangi obrazlar bilan bir qatorda o'tmishdagi tasvirlardan foydalangan holda ikkita alohida ustaxonaga asos solishdi.

Bezalelning keramika buyumlari

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Bezalel Badiiy va Dizayn Akademiyasi § Keramika: "Bezalel plitalari" va Bezalel maktabi
Seminarda ishlab chiqarilgan plitkalar va bezak idishlari, uyning jabhasi uchun plakatlar va bezaklar. chapda turgan - Y. Eyzenberg; o'tirgan: Zaxara Shats. yigirmanchi yillarning o'rtalarida. Quddus shahar arxivlari.

"DoirasidaBezalel nomidagi san'at va hunarmandchilik maktabi ", keramika studiyasi 1924 yilda tashkil topgan Jeykob Eyzenberg uning boshida.[12] 1917 yilga kelib Boris Shats quyma bezak buyumlarini loyihalash bo'limini, shuningdek "chinni" ga rasm chizish bo'limini ochishni o'ylamoqda. Ushbu hunarmandchilik allaqachon Bazalelda Bezalelda foydalanish uchun Falastinning tashqarisidan olib kelingan tayyor chinni yordamida o'rgatilgan edi.[13] Shats "g'isht va tom yopish plitalari zavodi faoliyatida"Schneller Mehribonlik uyi "taxminan 1895 yildan Quddusda, olib kelingan mahalliy materiallardan foydalanadigan bunday mahalliy sanoatning amaliyligini isbotlash Motza.

1913-1919 yillarda Bezalelda talaba bo'lgan Eyzenberg, uni tugatgandan so'ng o'qishga kirdi Vena, San'at va hunarmandchilik maktabida u keramika dizayni va ishlab chiqarish bo'yicha doimiy ta'lim kursini o'tagan.[14] Kafedra asosan Bezalel o'qituvchilari tomonidan o'qitiladigan va ayniqsa keramika dizayni ajratib turardi Zeev Raban, buyumlarning amaliy ishlab chiqarishidan. Ushbu bo'limda ishlab chiqarilgan ob'ektlardan eng taniqli bo'lganlari, 1920-1930 yillarda devor plitalari va bezaklari. Ushbu asarlarga Ahad HaAm maktabi devorlariga plitkalar, Bialik uyi va Tel-Avivdagi Lederberg uyi va Moshav Zekanim ibodatxonasida.

Plitka dizayni uslubiga San'at ta'sir ko'rsatdi Art Nouveau va "tomonidanJugendstil uslubi. Ushbu uslub tasvirlangan maydonning tekisligi va mo'l-ko'l bezatilgan chegaralarida ifodalangan. G'oyalarga kelsak, "Bezalel plitalari" transsendentalizmga moyilligini ko'rsatib, ularning chegaralarida olingan tasvirlar bilan tasvirlangan. Yahudiy an'ana va Sionist tarkib.[15]

Ibroniy keramikasining boshlanishi, 1932–1950

Mira yolg'on gapirmoqda (chapda) va Chava Samuel (o'ngda) o'choq yonida, Rishon LeZion

Uning "Techno Tools: mantiqiy narsalar" (2011) maqolasida,[16] Shlomit Bauman Isroilning zamonaviy keramika buyumlari Falastin urf-odatlaridan uzilib qolganligi va "mahalliy keramika san'atkorlari o'rtasida o'zaro anglashuv dialogiga imkon beradigan mahalliy keramika sanoatining etishmasligi" bilan ajralib turishini ta'kidladi.[17]

Falastinda yashovchi armanlar va arablar mustaqil an'analar doirasida ishlaganlar bilan bir vaqtda, yahudiy rassomlari 20-asrning boshlarida u erda mavjud bo'lgan sharoitda Isroil yurtida Evropa san'ati va san'ati o'rtasida sintez yaratishlari kerak edi. Buni modellarni loyihalashda ham, mexanizatsiyalashga moyil bo'lgan ish texnikalarida ham ko'rish mumkin. Bundan tashqari, mahalliy sopol idishlar oilalar boshchiligidagi ustaxonalar va rassomlarning kooperativ faoliyatiga bog'liq bo'lsa, yahudiy kulol o'zini rassom sifatida ham, san'at tilining ifodasi sifatida ham ko'rdi.[18]

Chava Samuel 1932 yilda Falastinga ko'chib kelgan, Quddusdagi yahudiylar jamoatidagi birinchi kulolchilik ustaxonasi bo'lgan "Hayozer" ni yaratgan. "Kad VeSefel" [Qum va kubok], 1934 yilda tashkil etilgan keramika ustaxonasi Rishon LeZion bilan Pola Ahronson, kulolning g'ildiragi va keramika to'qimalarining kombinatsiyasidan foydalangan holda, turli xil utilitariy idishlar va dekorativ sopol idishlar ishlab chiqardi. Idishlarning uslubi, asosan, ikkalasining ruhiga ta'sir ko'rsatdi modernizm va Evropa Bauhaus uslubi. Mira Libes, Semyuel va Ahronson ustaxonasi tarbiyalanuvchisi, ustaxonada ishlab chiqarilgan sopol buyumlarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri "sodda, funktsional va chiroyli idishlarni yaratish" natijasi deb ta'riflagan, shu bilan birga jamoat didini yaxshilashga qaratilgan falsafa. vaqtni ta'riflab bo'lmaydigan darajada yomon. Ishlab chiqarilgan sopol idishlar, odatda, Paula o'rgangan "Bauhaus" uslubi va Evaning sodda va chiroyli dekorativ-rangli uslubidan ta'sirlangan. "[18]

Shomuilning sopol idishlaridagi bezaklarga, shuningdek, Isroil erining arxeologiyasi, shuningdek Sharq san'ati ta'sir ko'rsatdi, uning ta'siri ostida u yahudiy dunyosidan "sharqiy" obrazlar va tasvirlarni yaratdi. "Bezalel" maktabi rassomlari tomonidan yaratilgan yahudiy dunyosidagi raqamlardan farqli o'laroq, Shomuilning tasvirida diniy o'lchov yo'q edi. Qolgan obrazlar, aksariyat hollarda folklor rasmlariga o'xshardi. Shomuilning sopol idishlari dekorativ uslubi, asosan, qo'lda va sirlangan holda chizilgan individual tasvirlarga qaratilgan.[19]

Shomuil va Ahronsonning kulolchiligidan farqli o'laroq Xedvig Grossman Isroil erlarini o'zlarining keramik dizayni bilan "mahalliyligini" shakllantirishga urinishlarini namoyish etdi. Grossman qildi Aliyo Germaniyada kulolchilikni o'rgangandan so'ng 1933 yilda Isroil yurtiga. Falastinda bo'lgan birinchi yillarida Grossman allaqachon sopol idishlar ishlab chiqarishda mahalliy materiallardan qanday foydalanilganligini aniqlash uchun tuproq tadqiqotlarini o'tkazishni boshladi. Bundan tashqari, Grossman qadimgi zamonlarda Isroil zaminida kulolchilik buyumlari qanday ishlab chiqarilganligi va butun er yuzida arab va arman kulollarining ishlash uslublari qanday bo'lganligini o'rganib chiqdi. Grossman o'z ishida Isroil eridan olingan materiallardan foydalanishni ta'kidladi. Uning ba'zi ishlariga hatto mahalliy arxeologik topilmalar ta'sir ko'rsatgan. Uning materialini ishlash texnikasi sirli bo'lmagan sirpaklar yordamida asosiy geometrik bezakni o'z ichiga olgan (engobes ) turli xil ranglarda.

Grossman qarashlarining aks-sadosini 1940-yillarda, qachon ko'rish mumkin Jeykob Lev 1939 yildan haykallar bo'limi boshlig'i sifatida xizmat qilgan.Yangi Bezalel, "kafedrada kulolchilik bilan mashg'ulotlar olib borishni boshladi. Ushbu muassasada ishlab chiqarilgan qozonlarning ko'pi pechda yoqilmadi va shu bilan omon qolmadi, balki uning" Chiroyli qozon "maqolasida[20] (1941), u "Bauhaus" ruhida kostryulkalar dizaynidagi modernistik yondashuv va uning qismlari o'rtasidagi munosabatni ta'kidlaydi. Ammo kostryulkalarning fotosuratlari Isroil erlari me'morchiligining kostryulkalar turlarini tanlashda, shuningdek ularning dizayni qo'pol to'qimalarida bezaklardan saqlanishiga ta'sir ko'rsatmoqda.[21]

Ning asarlari Xedvig Xarag Zunz 1940 yillarning boshlarida Isroil eriga kelgan, shuningdek, Isroil erlari bilan "mahalliylik" bilan sopol buyumlar yaratishga urinishni anglatadi. Zunzning asarlarida bu birinchi navbatda uning mahalliy materiallarni tanlashida ifodalangan. Uning ishlarining aksariyati kulolning g'ildiragi yordamida ishlab chiqarilgan, ammo u me'moriy egiluvchan kulolchilik buyumlarini ham yaratgan. Mahalliy materiallardan izchil foydalanganiga qaramay, Zunz asarlari Xedvig Grossman asarlarining arxeologik yo'nalishidan yoki Eva Samuilning sharqona bezaklaridan farq qiladi. Uning sopol idishlari shakli Evropa Modernizmi tomonidan bezaksizligi va yuzaning yaltiroq sirpaklaridan foydalanishga bo'lgan moyilligi ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Terra sigillata yoki seramika sirlari.[22] Harag Zunz o'zining mustaqil ishlaridan tashqari texnik akademik izlanishlar olib bordi va turli sanoat loyihalarida ishtirok etdi.

Landshaftdan loygacha, 1950–1980 yillar

1950-1960 yillarda Isroilda keramika faoliyatida o'sish kuzatildi va san'atning bir bo'lagi sifatida keramika institutlashtirishga qaratilgan qadamlar qo'yildi. An'anaviy kulolchilik va yangi tashkil etilgan "Studiya kulolchiligi" bilan bir qatorda, ommaviy axborot vositalarining boshqa turlari rivojlana boshladi, jumladan, sopol haykaltaroshlik va sanoat tashabbuslari, Evropa modernizmidan ma'naviy ildizlarini olgan kichik sanoat. Umuman olganda, keramika san'atkorlari, boshqa ko'plab Isroil rassomlari kabi, "mahalliylik" sari intilishdi, ular o'zlarining erlari, landshaftlari va Isroil erining arxeologiyasi bilan ajralib turdilar.

Sanoatlashtirish

Nehemiya Azaz da Harsa seramika
Lapid va Harsa seramika vazolari, Davar, 1959 yil 23 oktyabr

Isroilda keramika sanoatining boshidanoq, sopol buyumlar quyma qoliplarda ishlab chiqarilgan. Biroq, sionistik sanoatning rivojlanishi tez sanoatlashtirishga turtki berdi. [24] Keramika sanoati rivojlangan asosiy yo'nalish Xayfa bo'lib, u erda 1938 yilda "No'mon "quyma chinni buyumlar ishlab chiqarilgan joyda asos solingan. [25]" Amaliy san'at va Isroil yurtida sanoat uchun retsept "ko'rgazmasida Bezalel muzeyi 1947 yilda Quddusda sirlangan idishlar tomonidan namoyish etilgan Xanna Harag Zunz sanoatning turli elementlari o'rtasidagi hamkorlikning namunasi sifatida. [26] 1955 yilda Hayfa san'at muzeyi "Keramika jamiyati" deb nomlangan ko'rgazma tashkil etildi, unda mahalliy keramika sanoatida ob'ektlar va ularni ishlab chiqarish jarayonlari namoyish etildi.[23]

1950-yillarda sopolni rivojlantirish va uning obro'sini ko'tarish uchun kulolchilik sanoati va yosh davlatdagi dizaynerlar va rassomlar o'rtasida amaliy hamkorlik boshlandi. Shunga o'xshash tashabbuslar 1960-yillarda Technion shahridagi Isroil seramika va silikat institutida va Bezalelda bo'lib, ular keramika materiallarini loyihalash uchun sinovdan o'tkazishni boshladilar.

Aharon Kaxana - uning rafiqasi bilan "Bayt Xayotzer" [Hunarmandlar ustaxonasi] (Hayfa) ni asos solgan, u juda katta miqdordagi kulolning uchta yordamchisini ish bilan ta'minlagan - zamonaviyist abstraktsiyani dekorativ xalq naqshlari bilan birlashtirgan keng tarqalgan uslubni aniqlashga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Ushbu kombinatsiya "san'atni xalqqa qaytarishda" muvaffaqiyat qozondi.[24] va "tomoshabinlar nazarida nomaqbul bo'lgan ko'plab shakllardan sopol buyumlar uchun bezak sifatida foydalanish.[24]

"Kol-Keramic" (Hayfa), "Carnet" (Netanya Ceramics), "Ceramit" (Netanya) "Beit Halachmi" (Tel-Aviv), "Bror Hayil (Bror Hayil)," Keramaklin "(Nes Tziona)," Palkeramic "(Hayfa) va" Beit Hayotzer "(Ramat Gan / Petah Tikva), Kfar Menaxemning keramika ustaxonasi va boshqalar. Shu bilan birga, eng muhim ikkita zavod" Lapid Pottery "edi. (1951) va "Harsa seramika (1956)", bu texnologiyani qo'lda tayyorlangan texnika bilan birlashtirgan.

1952 yilda Elisabet Koen Lapid Pottery uchun dizayner bo'lib ishlagan. Elisabet Koen Xedvig Grossman bilan birga o'qigan va kompaniyada "san'at" bo'limiga asos solgan. 1959 yilga kelib ushbu bo'lim 20 kishini ish bilan ta'minladi.[25] Dastlab kompaniya hojatxonani quyish uchun ishlatiladigan materiallardan quyilgan utilitariyali kostryulkalar ishlab chiqarar edi, lekin asta-sekin ham usullari, ham dizayni yanada murakkablashdi. Koenga qo'shimcha ravishda boshqa dizaynerlar, shu jumladan Mod Fridland, kompaniyaga ishlash uchun kelgan. Boshqa bir badiiy bo'limda keramika ishlab chiqarilgan Harsa Ceramics kompaniyasi 1956-1966 yillarda.[26] Kafedra tomonidan tashkil etilgan Nehemiya Azaz, uning kostryulkalarini mahalliy ranglar va materiallardan foydalangan holda ishlab chiqardi.[27] O'zining eng yuqori cho'qqisida bo'limda 30 ishchi ishlagan. Azaz bo'limdan ketganidan keyin uni boshqargan Pnina Zamir Amir.[28]

Ikkala kompaniyada ham ishlab chiqarilgan maqolalar zamonaviy uslubga ega bo'lib, geometrik uslublar va birinchi navbatda mavhum bezaklardan foydalanilgan. Ushbu dizaynlarga Evropada o'sha davrda yaratilgan dizaynlardan tortib modernistik dizayn an'analari va shu sababli Isroil erining "mahalliyligi" ifodasi sifatida qabul qilingan narsa ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Masalan, Azaz uning shakllariga cho'l landshafti ta'sir qilganligini aytdi.[29]

Keramika ishlab chiqaradigan kompaniyalar tomonidan chinni buyumlar ishlatilishi asosan "Namanon" va "Lapid" fabrikalarida to'plangan bo'lib, ular asosan utilitar idishlar ishlab chiqargan. Shu bilan birga, sanoat mahalliy dizaynni rag'batlantirishga harakat qilgani ma'lum. Masalan, "Naaman" ning birinchi dizaynerlari bo'lgan Shimon Badar, shuningdek, Bezalel seramika bo'limida keramika texnologiyalari bo'yicha ma'ruzachi bo'lib ishlagan.[30] Texnika-badiiy loyihaning katta namunasi - "Naaman" yonidagi chinni qoliplarda ishlab chiqarilgan va rassom Pinchas Eshet tomonidan ishlangan Asia House (1977-1979) kirish eshigini qoplash.[31]

Studiya idishlari

1950 va 1960 yillar Isroil san'ati sohasida keramika faoliyatining eng muhim yillari edi. Birinchi marta keramika rassomlari ko'plab xususiy ustaxonalarda va turli xil o'quv yurtlarida tayyorlana boshladilar. Bundan tashqari, dekorativ san'atlar, shu jumladan keramika san'ati endi yosh Isroil madaniyatida begona element sifatida qabul qilinmadi. Ushbu ommaviy axborot vositalarining shakllari turli xil davlat idoralari tomonidan rag'batlantirildi. Va nihoyat, rassomlarning ijod namunalarini tekshirish "zamonaviyizm" va "arabizmning keramika an'analari, armanlar va hattoki Bezalel an'analaridan o'zini chetlashtirishni tanlagan mahalliy badiiy" an'ana "ni namoyish etmoqda. mahalliylik ", bu 1980 yillarga qadar Isroil keramika markaziy yo'nalishini belgilab berdi.[32]

Bilan birga Xedvig Grossman Ko'pchilik yosh keramika ustalarini Quddusdagi studiyasida va boshqalarda o'rgatgan Eyn Hod va 1964 yildan boshlab Givatayim, Xanna Harag Zunz ularni Oranim seminarida ham o'rgatdi (bugun Oranim akademik kolleji ), Pola Ahronson Tel-Avivdagi Wizo-da va Gedula Ogen Havat HaNoar HaTzioni-da (Isroil Goldstein yoshlar qishlog'i). 1957 yilda Tel-Xay kolleji qoshidagi San'at institutida keramika kafedrasi ochildi.[33] 1958 yilda keramika va shisha dizayni kafedrasi Bezalel Badiiy va Dizayn Akademiyasi Schneller Mehribonlik uyi yonida tashkil etilgan. Kafedrani ilgari "Palkeramika" zavodida ishlagan Devid Vaxtel boshqargan. Uning o'qituvchilik fakulteti tarkibiga kiritilgan Devid Kalderon, Pnina Amir-Zamir va Mod Fridlend. 1962 yilda Gedula Ogen kafedra mudiri etib tayinlandi.[34] 1961 yildan 1963 yilgacha kafedrada talabalar soni 26 dan 50 gacha o'sdi va kafedrada ish joylari hajmi ancha oshdi. [38] Yana bir o'quv muassasasi Beershebadagi "Tasviriy san'at markazi" edi.[35]

Dizayn nuqtai nazaridan keramika ustalari Xarag Zunz an'analarini va xususan Grossman an'analarini Evropa modernizm ruhi bilan bog'liq bo'lgan barcha narsalarda va o'zlarining asarlarida mahalliy narsalarni ifodalashga intilishda davom etdilar. Grossmanning eng muhim izdoshlari orasida Amnon Isroil va Gedula Ogen bor. 1960-yillardan boshlab, ikkalasi ham sirli va sirpanib ishlangan asarlarida ifodalangan arxeologiya va Isroil yurtining landshaftidan ilhom oldilar.[36] yoki ularni otish paytida ochiq olov ta'sirida.[37] Boshqa taniqli keramika rassomlari edi Yehudit Meir va Yoxed Marks 1958 yildan beri Beershebada Negev yeridagi mahalliy materiallardan foydalangan holda ishlagan va o'sha davrdagi Isroil keramika ustalari uchun odatiy bo'lmagan juda yuqori haroratlarda (1250-1300 daraja S) o'z ishlarini olib borgan. Ular yaratgan asarlar bu sohani dekorativdan amaliygacha qamrab olgan.

O'sha davrda keramikalarni namoyish qilish va sotish imkoniyatlari cheklangan va asosan amaliy keramika buyumlarini ishlab chiqarishga olib kelgan. "Mikra-Studio" galereyasida (Tel-Aviv, 1946-1956) ko'rgazmalar bilan bir qatorda, badiiy qadriyatlarni ta'kidlashni ayol kulolchilik san'ati bilan birlashtirgan;[38] va "Atelier 97" (Tel-Aviv),[39] sopol buyumlar Maskit do'konlarida sotilgan (Tel-Aviv, 1959-?), bu folkloristik elementlarni ta'kidlagan.[40] Bundan tashqari, Tel-Aviv san'at muzeyida va Bezalel muzeyida va turli xil shaxsiy do'konlarda bir qator seramika san'ati ko'rgazmalari bo'lib o'tdi.[41] Seramika rassomlarining aksariyati professional rassomlar uyushmasining a'zolari emas edi, agar ular Grossman va Semyuel singari bo'lsa, shu doirada ular asosan rasm va bosma nashrlarni namoyish etdilar. 1966 yilda Tel-Avivda Eretz Isroil muzeyi tarkibida "Gil muzeyi" ochilib, pavilonning ochiq hovlisida namoyish etilgan isroillik rassomlarning ko'rgazmalari yonida qadimiy kulolchilik buyumlari namoyish etildi. 1968 yilda Jozef Blumenthal boshchiligidagi Isroilning seramika rassomlari uyushmasi tashkil etildi.

1963 yilda "Isroildagi san'at" kitobi nashr etildi Benjamin Tammuz.[42] Kitobda Jon Cheyni tuzgan butun bobni san'atga bag'ishlangan. Bir qator fotosuratlar bilan birga bo'lgan ushbu bobda Cheyni dizayn, zargarlik buyumlari va kulolchilik kabi san'at sohalarini o'rganib chiqdi va u rasm, haykaltaroshlik va arxitektura kabi ommaviy axborot vositalariga qo'shib qo'ydi. Keramika va boshqa san'at asarlarini boshqa badiiy ommaviy axborot vositalariga teng ravishda namoyish qilish, o'sha yillardagi san'atning ahamiyati va uni Isroil qadoqlash instituti va Isroil eksport instituti kabi muassasalar tomonidan tashkil etilgan ko'rgazma va tanlovlar orqali targ'ib qilishdan dalolat beradi. 1970 yil 24 sentyabrda Tel-Aviv san'at muzeyida Isroilda keramika sohasini o'rganadigan va ushbu tendentsiyaning asosiy ifodasi bo'lgan ko'rgazma ochildi. "Isroil Ceramic 70" ko'rgazmasida 64 ta rassomning 284 ta asari, shuningdek, fotosuratlar kiritilgan batafsil katalog namoyish etildi. Bundan tashqari, yana beshta fabrikada ishlab chiqarilgan ishlar ("Beyt Hayotser", "Lapid", "Naaman", "Palkeramic" va "Carnet".[43]

Eyn Hod maktabi

Seramika devori tomonidan Luiza Shats, Eyn Hod

1957 yilda, bir-biriga yaqin joyda, Itche Mambush va uning rafiqasi Aviva Margalit yilda kulolchilik ustaxonalari ochildi Eyn Hod Rassomlar qishlog'i. Qishloq 1953 yilda tashkil etilgan Marsel Yanko, san'at va rassomlar uchun qishloq sifatida. Seminarlar atrofida bir guruh rezident rassomlar va rassomlar o'zlari ishlagan ommaviy axborot vositalaridan biriga keramika qo'shishni boshladilar. Ushbu rassomlarning ba'zilari "Yangi ufqlar", ya'ni Janco, Yehezkel Streichman, Pinchas Abramovich va Aharon Kaxana kabi dekorativ uslub ularning san'atining ajralmas qismi bo'lgan rassomlar bilan birga ishlagan Luiza Shats, Bezalel Shats, Jan Devid, Jeniya Berger, va boshqalar.

Ularning asarlarida biz mahalliy keramika tarkibidagi "moddiy" an'analarga xos bo'lmagan sirlarga e'tibor qaratgan holda rang-barang, ekspresiv yondashuvni ko'ramiz. Bu rassomlar oz miqdordagi sopol haykaldan tashqari, shisha texnikasi yordamida ko'plab rasmlarni va turli sirlangan keramik plitalardan foydalangan holda devoriy rasmlar yaratdilar.[44] Ba'zi rassomlar materiallarni o'zlari ishladilar, boshqalari esa turli xil ustaxonalarda, masalan, Eyn Xoddagi yoki boshqa birida amalga oshiriladigan narsalar uchun batafsil eskizlar yaratdilar. Kfar Menaxem.

Ushbu dekorativ devorlar san'atni mahalliy me'morchilik bilan birlashtirish tendentsiyasining bir qismi bo'lgan va boshqa rassomlar tomonidan sgrafitto va mozaika kabi boshqa texnikalar bilan birgalikda foydalanilgan. Ushbu sohadagi eng taniqli badiiy tadbirlardan biri 1954 yilda bo'lib o'tdi Aharon Kaxana, Jan Devid va Gedula Ogen o'rniga qo'yildi Givat Ram yotoqxonasi Quddusning ibroniy universiteti. 1958 yilda ushbu devorlarning eskizlari hatto "Isroilda o'n yillik me'morchilik" ko'rgazmasida namoyish etilgan Tel-Aviv muzeyi.[45] Ushbu ijodning eng yuqori cho'qqisi 1966 yilda, Bergerning tashabbusi bilan Eyn Xodda keramika bo'yicha xalqaro amaliy seminar bo'lib o'tdi.

Kulolchilikdan sopol haykalgacha

Isroilning yig'ilishi (1963) tomonidan Gedula Ogen
Nomsiz (1963-5) tomonidan Nora va Naomi
Tamaki barglari (1977) tomonidan Shelli Xarari

1960 yillarning ikkinchi yarmida turli xil ommaviy axborot vositalarining ta'siri Isroil kulollari asarlarida paydo bo'la boshladi. Xususan, Isroil haykaltaroshlarining ta'sirini ko'rish mumkin edi. "Arxitektura" tasvirlaridan doimiy ravishda foydalanish va "mahalliylik" tendentsiyasi bilan bir qatorda, bu er va cho'l landshaftlari tasvirlaridan foydalanishda, an'anaviy keramika chegaralaridan ajralib chiqishda ko'rish mumkin edi. Tabiatni san'at asarlariga nusxalashga intilish rassomlarni yangi badiiy ifodalarni izlashga majbur qildi.

Sionistik millatchilikning ifodasi sifatida Isroil mamlakati me'morchiligining maqomi nafaqat keng jamoatchilikni, balki ko'plab keramika ustalarini ham o'ziga jalb qildi.[46] Ularning ko'plari 1950-yillardagi arxeologik qazishmalarda juda ko'p topilgan kulolchilik buyumlarini tiklashda olgan ko'nikmalaridan foydalanishdi.[47] Shuning uchun me'moriy obrazlarning Isroil rassomlari asarlarida paydo bo'lishi tabiiy edi. Kabi rassomlarning butun guruhi Devid Ben Shoul, Agi Yoeli, Devid Kalderon, Moshe Shek va Shelli Xarari Bu davrda qadimgi davrlardan haykalchalar va haykalchalar ilhomlanib yaratilgan inson haykallari yoki hayvonlar tasvirlari o'zlarining sopol asarlaridan tashqari.[48] Ularning asarlarida yosh Isroil davlatini tarixiy va Injilga oid o'tmishi bilan bog'lashga urinishlarni ifodalovchi kashshof sionistik element mavjud edi.[49] Shu bilan birga, isroillik keramika ustalari modernizmga moyillik ko'rsatdilar, bu shakl va asarning geometrik xarakterini ta'kidlab, Evropa modernizmining ta'sirini ko'rsatdi.

Haykaltaroshlikning aksariyat xususiyatlarini o'sha yillarda kulolning g'ildiraklarida paydo bo'lgan asarlarda topish mumkin. Ushbu janrdagi asarlarni keng tarqatishda markaziy element Gedula Ogenni Bezalelda o'qitish edi. Ogen kulolning g'ildiragi yordamida uslubni yaratdi, u katta hajmdagi relyefli haykaltaroshlik va obrazli haykaltaroshlik uchun zarur bo'lgan hajmga erishdi. U o'z ishlarida Grossmanning uslubini davom ettirib, materialning tabiiy rang-barang sifatiga e'tibor qaratdi. Uning ishlarining aksariyati tabiat tasvirlari va u bilan madaniyat va san'at o'rtasidagi aloqalarga bag'ishlangan.

Isroil keramika sohasini turli xil yangi nuqtai nazarlarga ochish orqali avvalgi urf-odatlardan chetga chiqqan 1960-yillar davomida uslubni o'zgartirishining asosiy sababi keramika ishlab chiqaruvchilari va professional keramika rassomlarining kelishi va ta'siri bo'lib, ularni amaliy amalga oshirish mumkin edi. Qo'shma Shtatlarda va Evropada o'qigan va mutaxassis bo'lgan Devid Morris, Magdalena Xefets, Soniya Natra va boshqalarning asarlarida ko'rish mumkin.[50]

1972 yildagi maqolada ushbu haykallardan birini yaratilishi tasvirlangan Rina Peleg, "kulolning g'ildiragi va dumaloq harakatlarga qattiq suyanib, haykalining tanasini yaratadi. Faqat shundan keyingina u tayyor shaklni qo'llari bilan yoğurur va shakllantiradi, uning bezaklari va bezaklarini yaratadi".[51] Ammo tez orada u rassomlardan "ko'zani jetson qilishlarini" iltimos qila boshladi.[51] mustaqil san'at foydasiga an'anaviy keramika dekorativ o'lchamlari. Kabi rassomlar Neta Avraham, Shelli Xarari, Nora va Naomi, Jan Mayr, Mod Fridland va boshqalar "kulolning g'ildiragi bilan haykaltaroshlik" an'analaridan chetga chiqib, turli xil texnikalarni, xususan, mustaqil haykalni sinab ko'rishdi. Markaziy manzaralar mahalliy landshaftlarda topilgan shakllanishlarga taqlid qilish va ularni haykaltaroshlik ob'ektlariga aylantirish edi.

Isroil peyzaji, ayniqsa cho'l manzarasi zamonaviy g'arbiylashgan jamiyatdan ajratilgan deb qabul qilingan va badiiy narsalarning shakli, tuzilishi va rangini yaratishda rassomlarga ilhom manbai bo'lib xizmat qilgan. Shu tarzda ushbu rassomlar o'zlarining asarlarida arxaik utopiya obrazlarini yaratgan boshqa ko'plab isroillik rassomlarning umumiy tendentsiyasiga qo'shildilar, ularning aksariyati hatto "kan'an" san'ati ta'siri ostida. Ular yaratgan ob'ektlar mavhum o'simlik tuzilmalariga yoki arxaik madaniy inshootlarni taklif qiladigan ob'ektlar qurilishiga moyil edi.

Biroq, keramika san'at sohasiga yaqinlashganda, begona ta'sirlar Isroil an'analariga ham singib ketdi. Siona Shimshi Masalan, shu yillar ichida u pop-art kabi postmodern san'at bilan shug'ullangan Qo'shma Shtatlardagi o'qishdan qaytdi. Uning seramika asarlari ushbu ta'sirlarni biografik asarlar va psixologik obrazlar bilan birlashtirgan. Masalan, uning "Qo'g'irchoq teatri" singari asarlarida[52] yoki "Sinf fotosurati 1939" (1965), rassom psixologik va ijtimoiy mavzularni ifoda etishni maqsad qilgan, bu narsa o'sha paytdagi Isroil keramikalarida g'ayrioddiy edi.[53]

1960-yillardan boshlab Isroil san'atida yirik ko'lamli haykallar paydo bo'la boshladi, masalan, bronzadan yasalgan "Negev qo'ylari" haykali. Itzhak Danziger, Assemblage badiiy asarlari, masalan Igael Tumarkin va Yehiel Shemi yoki installyatsiya yoki badiiy bo'lmagan materiallardan foydalanish kabi turli xil uslublardan foydalanadigan asarlar, masalan, "Ten Plus" guruhi rassomlari tomonidan yaratilgan, shu bilan birga keramika asarlari hajmi bilan cheklanib qolingan. ular ishdan bo'shatilgan pechlar. Biroq, aftidan Isroilga 1970-yillarda kirib kelgan kontseptual san'atning ta'siri Isroil san'atidan keramika faoliyatini to'xtatib qo'ydi. Bu, ayniqsa, ushbu davrdagi Isroil badiiy avangardlari orasida "er" va "joy" tasvirlari fonida sezilarli.

Dekonstruksiyadan rekonstruksiyaga qadar, 1980–2010

1980-yillarda Isroil keramika san'ati idrokida tub o'zgarishlar yuz berdi. O'zgarishning asosiy sababi Isroil kulolchiligida mahalliy an'analarning buzilishi edi. Ba'zi sabablarni Isroil jamiyatining kechikkan munosabatda his qilgan tanaffusni anglashidan bilish mumkin Yom Kippur urushi va Birinchi Intifadaga munosabat sifatida.[54] In addition the influence of postmodern culture began to trickle into the local culture.

Even though postmodernism had once been described as the expression of "the personal, [with a tendency towards the] hand-made, metaphorical, figurative, [and] decorative",[55] traits that came naturally to Israeli ceramic artists and their art, paradoxically the distance between them and mainstream Israeli art widened. At the same time, in painting, sculpture, and photography objections began to be heard against the status of the object as a work of art, whereas until the 1990s the field of Israeli ceramics had primarily adopted the attitude of "identity politics," as the central tenet of postmodernism. In place of historical and archeological relationships, a series of personal relationships began to appear, most of them expressivist, which deviated from the traditional Israeli ceramic tradition that had existed up to this time.

This sidelining of ceramics, and especially of pottery, from the main museums,[56][57] led to the establishment of a number of independent cooperative galleries in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv,[58] for the display and merchandising of ceramics, such as "Ruach Cadim" (1987), the "Altogether 8" group (1990), and "Shlush Shloshim (1992). In 1991 Aharon Kahana's house in Ramat Gan was opened as a ceramics gallery.

Myths in the material, 1980-1990

In spite of the marginal place the medium occupied, postmodern expressions in ceramics did have a certain impact because of the works of Gideon Ofrat, one of the most important of the artists who translated postmodern thinking into an aesthetic in the 1980s. In 1985 Ofrat curated the exhibition "Toward a Myth Without God" in the Quddus rassomlar uyi. In the exhibition catalog, Ofrat described ceramics as an expression of metaphysics, and pottery and pots as a means of direct connection to nature. A connection that Ofrat described as a dialectic of "proceeding toward a double eternity – an eternity of absorbing living and an eternity of absorbing dying"[59] connected to the practicality and the symbolism of the pottery. In this Ofrat reflected the phenomenology of Martin Xaydegger va Jak Derrida, who emphasized earth and object (and the pitcher as a characteristic expression of this) as an intersection between life and death.[60]

Many of the artists sought to probe the personal and the biographical through archetypal images, and thus express the symbolic dimension of art. From the point of view of form, it was manifested by developing means of sculptural expression in a more figurative direction and with a tendency toward ignoring the individual object in favor of the sculptural array.[61] Siona Shimshi, for example, developed her ceramic sculpture as a series of archetypal human forms made of bare material.[62] Nora and Naomi began to communicate with the sculptural field when they started to make use of motifs of journeys or nature images. Ning asarlari Moshe Shek are somewhere on the spectrum between ceramics and sculpture, expressed in a sort of postmodern incarnation of the Israeli ceramic tradition. The enormous pieces he created, which he called "containers" (1986), were decorated with simple designs that emphasized the natural colors of the material,[63] and these sculptures displayed stylized imaginary animals made of clay cylinders that emanated echoes of "Canaanite" sculpture. Other artists, such as David Morris and Mark Yudell, used images specifically in order to create a private mythological world, which reflected their personal experiences, along with a dollop of humor and irony.

Another aspect of the preoccupation with the biographical can be seen in the infiltration of religious motifs into Israeli art in general, and into Israeli ceramic art in particular.[64] Marie Balian, for example, an Armenian artist, from the 1970s geared her art towards monumental wall paintings made of glazed tiles.[65] Her images were drawn from the Armenian ceramic tradition, with changes that were expressed in the design of the composition, which was transformed into the fantastic.

A similar trend can be seen in the work of Jewish ceramicists, whose Judaica works were no stranger to their culture of the material. Abraham and Pnina Gofer, for example, in the 1970s and 1980s displayed Seder plates made using casting molds, with images done in the ethnographic style, decorated with colorful glazes. In contrast, Meira Una, in the mid-1980s created a series of Chanukah lamps that combined images from Orthodox Judaism with architectural images. Her work is typified by the use of untreated material (without clay slips or glazes), with scribbles or engraved writing, and with no polishing or finishing of the form. All of these works emphasized the status of the personal and the preoccupation with ars poetica in ceramics and art.

At the same time, the most prominent ceramic artist who made use of Jewish motifs came from the field of art and painting. 1980-yillarning o'rtalarida Moshe Gershuni began to create what became known as "Jewish ceramics."[66] Gershuni made use of ready made plates that he bought second hand. On these he drew with ceramic paints for low-fire pottery.[67] The images that appeared on his pottery combined excerpts from prayers, swastikas, and Magen Davids, which also can be seen in his paintings from these years.[68] Exhibitions of these works in 1988 at Bezalel and in 1990 at the Tel Aviv Museum of Art generated wide publicity.

Body, fragments, and slivers of identity

Clear signs of the coming transition from pottery to ceramic sculpture could be seen during the second half of the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s. A large number of ceramic artists began to adopt ideas from painting and sculpture in their art. These ideas, in the eyes of these artists, conferred a new legitimacy on pottery and on the objects they created, both as an expression of their personal feelings and as an expression of ars poetica.

An example of the renewed relationship between sculpture and pottery can be seen in the works of artists on the border between traditional pottery and contemporary art. Rayah Redlich, for example, created large scale pots, which she presented as a renewed esthetic and cultural examination, and on which she used techniques of printing and painting "on the shards." Many of these works were displayed on pedestals that were part of the exhibit.[69] Va Daniel Devis used his potter's wheel to create large scale pots whose "shards" were then joined together in bundles by steel strips. A group of about 70 of them appeared as part of "A Woman of the Pots," a performance and film created by his wife, Adina Bar-On, 1990 yilda.[70] Besides being used for musical percussion instruments, the pots pointed to themes like death and Judaism. Another group that dealt with the imagery of the material and of pottery by means of a representative medium was the Zik Group, whose works include a pot as a central image. In the installation "Anarzik" (1997), for example, the group created, on the structure of a potter's wheel, a complex pot that underwent a transformation of its technology and its form before the eyes of the public.[71]

Another prominent artist was Lidia Zavadsky, who even served as the head of the Department of Ceramics and Glass Design at Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design in Jerusalem. Like other artists, Zavadsky inserted sculpture into her work as an integral part of her postmodern approach. Between the years 1992-1994 Zavadsky produced a series of pot-sculptures that turned out to be the highlight of her artistic output. The pots were monumental in size, glazed in intense colors, and a combination of work on the potter's wheel and sculpture. In spite of her themes of corporeality and death, the form and the internal relationships were the central artistic concern of Zavadsky's work. Through them the artist grappled with European and Asian pottery traditions. These works received more artistic recognition than any ceramic works up to that time and were displayed as well in the Israel Museum.

Only at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st did ceramic artists begin to make more consistent use of installation art within ceramic art.[72] Kabi rassomlar Talia Tokatly, Hadass Rosenberg Nir, Shlomit Bauman, Yael Atzmony, Maya Muchawsky Parnas, and others created installations that combined different media, such as sculpture, ceramics, video, etc. In their works we see a combining of elements of their personal identity through the disassembly and assembly of objects saturated with political or personal history.

An opposing philosophy to this sculptural trend was the return to the pottery tradition of which one expression was the increasing adoption of porcelain as the material used on potter's wheels and in casting beginning in the 1990s. This happened both because this material began to arrive in Israel on a regular basis, and because artists began to be trained in the use of this material within the academic framework[73] as well as privately.[74] Among the artists who began to use porcelain on potter's wheels was Irit Abba. The use of this material sharpened her concentration on the form of the pot and allowed her to develop a deconstructionist concept of the pot, of her perception of pottery, and of her view of European culture. She emphasized the materiality of the pots and jugs she produced in the early 2000s by using slotting and chinking on their surface, by combining the porcelain with "paper clay,"[75] Egyptian paste, and shavings, and by using intense colors.[76] In other artists as well, such as Esther Beck va Shulamit Teiblum-Millar, we can see this renewed interest in pottery and in the materials of ceramics to emphasize the work processes used in the creation of artistic objects.

In spite of massive training in the technology of design, the disappearance of the ceramics industry in Israel pushed artists, and particularly designers, to the creation of individual objects or of objects in small series, and sometimes in large ones, using hand casting techniques. The most prominent of these artists are designers such as Ami Derech, Dov Ganchrow va Jonathan Hopp.

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ See: Gideon Ofrat, The Beginnings of Israeli Ceramics, 1932-1962, Ceramic Artists Association of Israel. [ibroniycha]
  2. ^ See: Ziffer, Irit, "Water Vessels in Traditional Arab Pottery," in To the Fountain: The Maiden and the Jar: A Local and Multi-Cultural Image, Kenaan-Kedar, Nurith (Curator) (Tel Aviv: Eretz Israel Museum, 2013), 60. [in Hebrew]
  3. ^ See: Feldman, Nir, Material From the Wind: Chava Samuel, a Pioneer of Ceramic Art in Israel (Rishon LeZion: Rishon LeZion Museum, 2011), 11. [in Hebrew]
  4. ^ See: Ziffer, Irit, "Water Vessels in Traditional Arab Pottery," in To the Fountain: The Maiden and the Jar: A Local and Multi-Cultural Image, Kenaan-Kedar, Nurith(Curator) (Tel Aviv: Eretz Israel Museum, 2013), 47-48 [in Hebrew], and: Ziffer, Irit ,"A Healthy Foundation for the Creations of the Younger Generation – A Note on Israeli Pottery Tradition," in The Third Biennale of Israeli Ceramics (Exhibition catalogue, Mark Tsatsula, ed.), Tel Aviv: Eretz Israel Museum, 2005), 110. [in Hebrew]
  5. ^ See: Irit Ziffer, "A Healthy Foundation for the Creations of the Younger Generation – A Note on Israeli Pottery Tradition," in The Third Biennale of Israeli Ceramics (Exhibition catalogue, Mark Tsatsula, ed.), Tel Aviv: Eretz Israel Museum, 2005), 110. [in Hebrew]
  6. ^ See: Shlomit Bauman, "Detachment and Continuity as an Influence on Creative Processes in Israeli Ceramic Design," Tarix va nazariya, Bezalel II/16 – Creation Modes: Jewelry and Fashion, April 2010. [in Hebrew]
  7. ^ Irit Ziffer, "Water Vessels in Traditional Arab Pottery," in To the Fountain: The Maiden and the Jar: A Local and Multi-Cultural Image, Nurith Kenaan-Kedar (Curator) (Tel Aviv: Eretz Israel Museum, 2013), 60. [in Hebrew]
  8. ^ "Exhibitions," Davar (30 December 1983). [ibroniycha]
  9. ^ See: Nurith Kenaan-Kedar, The Armenian Ceramics of Jerusalem (Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, 2002), 29-52. [ibroniycha]
  10. ^ See: Nurith Kenaan-Kedar, The Armenian Ceramics of Jerusalem (Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, 2002), 53-91. [ibroniycha]
  11. ^ Gabriel Stern, "Beit Hayotzer at Netiv Hayisurim," Al Hamishmar, (18 August 1967). [ibroniycha]
  12. ^ Nurit Shilo-Cohen, Schatz's "Bezalel," 1906-1929 (Jerusalem: The Israel Museum, 1980), 364. [in Hebrew] These were the last years (1920-1929) of the institution that saw itself during this period less and less as an academy of art, and more and more as a series of partially independent art workshops.
  13. ^ See: Boris Schatz, "How to Encourage and Promote Home Crafts in Jerusalem and in Eretz Israel in General," printed in: Bezalel: 1906-1929, tahrir. Nurit Shilo-Cohen (Jerusalem: The Israel Museum, 1980), 149-186, especially 173-175, and also: Bezalel 100, Book 1, ed. David Tartakover and Gideon Ofrat (Jerusalem: Hapais Council for the Culture and Arts, 2006), 174. [in Hebrew]
  14. ^ Many of Bezalel's pupils, such as Nachum Gutman, Israel Hirschfeld, and others, went to Vena mashg'ulot uchun.
  15. ^ See: Alec Mishory, ""Zionist Resurrection on the Facade of 'The Municipal School' in Tel-Aviv," in Mana va qara (Tel Aviv, Am Oved, 2000), 94-116. [Ibroniycha]
  16. ^ Shlomit Bauman, "Ceramic design: Techno.logical Implements," Sixth Biennale of Israeli Ceramics (Tel Aviv: Eretz Israel Museum, 2011). [ibroniycha]
  17. ^ Shlomit Bauman, "Ceramic design: Techno.logical Implements," Sixth Biennale of Israeli Ceramics (Tel Aviv: Eretz Israel Museum, 2011), pp 10-11 [in Hebrew]
  18. ^ See: ^Shlomit Bauman, "Materialism Liberated," Joram Rosenheimer, ed., Maud Friedland ([Tel Aviv]: Rosenheimer family, in collaboration with: Ceramic Artists Association of Israel, 2011), 13. [in Hebrew]
  19. ^ Chava Samuel – Ceramicist (Jerusalem: Bezalel, 1985. Cited in: Gideon Ofrat, The Beginnings of Israeli Ceramics, 1932-1962, note 3, Ceramic Artists Association of Israel. [ibroniycha]
  20. ^ Jacob Lev, "The Pretty Pot," in: Bezalel ha-Hadash [The New Bezalel: Journal of Problems in Artistic Design] (Jerusalem: New Bezalel), no. 1 ( 941). [ibroniycha]
  21. ^ See: Gideon Ofrat, Bezalel ha-Hadash [The New Bezalel: Journal of Problems in Artistic Design] (Jerusalem: Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design), 1987. [in Hebrew]
  22. ^ See: Michal Alon, "Hanna Harag Zunz: Pioneer in Ceramic Art," 1280°c. [ibroniycha]
  23. ^ See: Pesel Fridberg, "Exhibition: 'The Ceramic Company', Haifa Museum of Art," AlHamishmar, 30 December 1955. [in Hebrew]
  24. ^ a b AlHamishmar, 6 February 1959 [in Hebrew]
  25. ^ See: Beitar, "Lapid Produces New Bathroom Fixtures," Davar, 28 March 1956. [in Hebrew]
  26. ^ See: Pnina Arouetty, Earthenware Pottery, 1956-1966 (Ramat Gan: Beit Aharon Kahana, 2007). [ibroniycha]
  27. ^ See: Israeli, Art, "The Department of 'Earthenware' Art 1955-1966," 1280o C, 27 Summer (2013), 24-18. [ibroniycha]
  28. ^ See: Pnina Arouetty, Pnina Amir-Zamir (Ramat Gan: Beit Aharon Kahana, 2010). [ibroniycha]
  29. ^ Aviva Limon, "Interview with Nehemia Azaz," (in Hebrew), 6 May 1990, can be found in the Information Center for Israeli Art, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem and in the archive of Beit Benyamini, Tel Aviv.
  30. ^ See: Shir Mellor-Yamaguchi and Anat Turbowicz, White Matter: Contemporary Porcelain Sculpture (Kibbutz Hazorea: Wilfrid Israel Museum, 2015), 5. [in Hebrew]
  31. ^ Qarang: Pinchas Eshet, Porcelain Sculptures (Haifa: Haifa Museum of Modern Art, 1980,
  32. ^ See the definition of Sarah Chinsky for the project inventing the Bezalel "tradition." Sarah Chinsky, The Monarchy of the Land of the Humble: the Social Grammar of Local Art (Tel Aviv: HaKibbutz HaMeuhad, 2015), 96-97. [In Hebrew].
  33. ^ See: Tel Hai College, Pottery, 7, August (1980), 3-7. [ibroniycha]
  34. ^ Qarang: Bezalel 100, Book 2, 1935-1965, David Tartakover and Gideon Ofrat, eds. (Tel Aviv: The National Lottery Council for Arts and Culture, 2006), 189. [in Hebrew]
  35. ^ Qarang: Bezalel 100, Book 2, 1935-1965, David Tartakover and Gideon Ofrat, eds. (Tel Aviv: The National Lottery Council for Arts and Culture, 2006), 191, 201. [in Hebrew]
  36. ^ A color based on liquid clay mixed with natural and artificial pigments. Close variations are called "slip."
  37. ^ See: Inna Arouetty, Gedula Ogen: Like Nature (Ramat Gan: Beit Aharon Kahana, 1996). Also, Inna Arouetty, Hedwig Grossman/Amnon Israel (Ramat Gan: Beit Aharon Kahana,2014). [ibroniycha]
  38. ^ Among those displaying in the gallery in the field of sculpture: Aharon Kahana (1952), Hava Mehutan (1955), Nehemia Azaz (1956). Moshe Gershuni, for example, reported that he acquired works by Kahana, Harag Zunz, Hedwig Grossman, Jean Mayer, and others in this gallery and in the store in the neighboring building on the corner of Ben Yehudah and Idelson Streets. See: Moshe Gershuni, "Indian Ceramics," in Sarah Breitberg Semel, Gershuni (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv Museum of Art, 2010), 314. [in Hebrew]
  39. ^ Chava Samuel (1960), Shelly Harari (1960), Jean Mayer
  40. ^ Some of the artists mounted entire exhibitions, while others displayed their works in a group exhibition or displayed special art objects for sale. The following names were listed on the exhibit: Idit Adi and Miriam Magnus (1968), Hanna Baharal (1966, 1970), Rina Peled (1969, 1971), Miriam Zamir (1974).
  41. ^ In the brochure Kad ve-sefer, for example, there is a list of branches of "Maskit," "Tuv taam", and "Tessora" stores in Tel Aviv, and "Charlotte" and the "Schwartz" department store in Jerusalem. See: Nir Feldman, Material From the Wind: Chava Samuel, a Pioneer of Ceramic Art in Israel (Rishon LeZion: Rishon LeZion Museum, 2011),83. [in Hebrew] Bertha Ordung's daughter described Hedwig Grossman's works, which were offered for sale in Rina Galleria in Jerusalem. Other stores include "Ginger" in Jerusalem, "Traklin" and "Herzog" in Haifa, and "Galeria 119" in Tel Aviv.
  42. ^ Qarang: Isroildagi san'at, Benjamin Tammuz, ed., (Tel Aviv: Masada, 1963). [Ibroniycha]
  43. ^ See Haim Gamzo, Israel Ceramics 70 (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv Museum of Art, 1970). [Ibroniycha]
  44. ^ See: Galia Bar Or and Gideon Ofrat, The First Decade: A Hegemony and a Plurality (Ein Harod: Mishkan Museum of Art, 2008), 22-23; See also: Gideon Ofrat, Archeological Ceramics: Pottery and Walls ' Aharon Kahana, Monograph (5), on the website Gideon Ofrat's Storeroom [In Hebrew].
  45. ^ See: Rachel Engel, "Between Painters and Architects: Architectural Exhibition at the Tel Aviv Museum," Davar, 3 October 1958. [In Hebrew].
  46. ^ An example of this kind of connection can be found in the dictionary of Hebrew pottery terms published in 1950 by the Hebrew Language Committee (Dictionary of Pottery Terms [Jerusalem: Hebrew Language Committee, with the participation of the Bialik Institute, 1950]). See: Meira Yagid-Haimovich, Israeli Pottery: A Footnote; Irit Abba, Wheel. Davr (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv Museum of Art, 2009), 6. [In Hebrew] This dictionary was the work of the "Committee for Architectural Terms," which comprised a natural bridge between architecture, ceramics, and pottery of that period.
  47. ^ See: Michael Feige, Tzvi Shiloni, eds. A Pickaxe to Dig With: Archeology and Nationalism in the Land of Israel (Beer-Sheva: Ben Gurion University of the Negev, 2008). [Ibroniycha]
  48. ^ See: Benjamin Tammuz, ed. The Story of Art in Israel (Tel Aviv: Masada Publishers, 1980), 155-156. [Ibroniycha]
  49. ^ See: Gideon Ofrat, "The Dialectics of the 1950s," in: Galia Bar-Or and Gideon Ofrat, The First Decade: A Hegemony and a Plurality (Ein Harod: Museum of Art, Ein Harod, 2008), 24. [In Hebrew]
  50. ^ Gideon Ofrat, The Beginning of Israeli Ceramics 1932-1962, 17. [In Hebrew]
  51. ^ a b Shlomit Bauman, "Shlomit Bauman in a Conversation with Rina Kimchi, 'A Plank in a Burned-out House'," 1280°, 11 (2004), 36-39. [Ibroniycha]
  52. ^ For photo of the work: See: Haim Gamzo, Israeli Ceramics 70 (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv Museum of Art, 1970). [Ibroniycha]
  53. ^ See Aya Miron, "Ziona Shemesh," in: 1965 Today, Mira Lapidot, Curator (Jerusalem: Israel Museum, 2015), 138-241. [Ibroniycha]
  54. ^ Ilana Tannenbaum, "The Time of the Post: the 1980s in Israeli Art," in: Check Post: the 1980s in Israeli Art (Haifa: Haifa Museum of Art, 2008), 23-24. [Ibroniycha]
  55. ^ Gideon Ofrat, "Post Modernism," Achshav, 47-48 (1983), 270. [In Hebrew]
  56. ^ Until 1993, when Lidia Zavatsky had an exhibition, there had never been an exhibition of ceramics (ceramic design and pottery) in the department of Design and Architecture of the Israel Museum. See: Design and Architecture in the Israel Museum: Portrait of a Department 1973-1997 (Jerusalem: Israel Museum). [Ibroniycha]
  57. ^ It is true that Gideon Ofrat mentioned in the chapter dealing with "Canaan" in The Story of Art in Israel, Benjamin Tammuz, ed. (Tel Aviv: Masada Publishers, 1980), the attention the field of art paid to the early days of Israeli ceramics and to Ziona Shemesh, in her interview in Eser Plus, but it is well known that the part that the various design media played is missing from the history of Israeli art.
  58. ^ See: Yigal Zalmona, 100 Years of Israeli Art (Jerusalem: Israel Museum, 2010), 336. [In Hebrew]
  59. ^ Gideon Ofrat, Towards a Godless Myth (Jerusalem: Jerusalem Artists House, 1985), 63. [In Hebrew]
  60. ^ See also the later article of Ofrat, "The Slopes and the Names." [Ibroniycha]
  61. ^ For the most part, ceramic artists tended to display their sculptures and not installations, whose avant garde roots were expressed by exposing the means of creation of the exhibition itself.
  62. ^ See: Siona Shimshi, "Anatomy of the Exhibition In Preparation for "Everybody is Sitting Down," in: Kaderut [Pottery], 10 (December 1984), 25-28; Siona Shimshi, Siona Shimshi: Preliminary Summary, 1987 (s.l: s.n., 1987). [In Hebrew]
  63. ^ Moshe Shak: Photographs, Ruti Ofek, ed. (Tefen: The Open Museum, Tefen and Omer Industrial Parks, 2006. [In Hebrew]
  64. ^ See: Gideon Ofrat, "Flight from the Myth and Towards It," Towards a Godless Myth (Jerusalem: Jerusalem Artists House, 1985), 56. [In Hebrew]
  65. ^ These works had a great impact in the 1980s and 1990s, and 3 murals were even mounted on the walls of Beit HaNassi [President's Residence] in Jerusalem (1986). At the same time traditional Armenian ceramics flourished because of the research activity of Nurit Canaan-Kedar. In 1982, for example, the Eretz Israel Museum hosted the exhibition "Armenian Pottery of Jerusalem."
  66. ^ In his work "The Blood of My Heart (1980), Gershuni used plates dotted with paint stains, although during this period he made use of glass paint.
  67. ^ Among the artists Gershuni helped were Lidia Zavatsky (according to Gershuni himself) and Daniel Davis (according to Davis's wife, Aviva Bar-On).
  68. ^ See: Moshe Gershuni, "Jewish Ceramics," in: Sarah Breitberg Semel, Gershuni (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv Museum of Art, 2010), 314; Itamar Levy, Moshe Gershuni: Works, 1987-1990 (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv Museum of Art, 1990), Plates 31-33, unnumbered. [Ibroniycha]
  69. ^ See: Raya Redlich: Fallen Halos (Haifa: Haifa University, 2002), 23-24.
  70. ^ See: Alec Mishory, "Song of Praise to Mud," in: The way of Clay, 50 years of Israeli Ceramics (Ramat Gan: Ceramics Museum Aharon Kahana, 1998) (unnumbered pages).
  71. ^ Einat Adi, "Anarzik," Studio 83, June (1987), 9-13. [Ibroniycha]
  72. ^ In connection with this, one should note the work of Gideon Gechtman from the mid-1990s on ceramics and on the relationship between the original and the copy.
  73. ^ Among the teachers was Stephan Agai, who taught porcelain casting at Bezalel in the 1990s (See: Shir Mellr-Yamaguchi and Anat Turbowicz, White Matter: Contemporary Porcelain Sculpture (Hazorea: Wilfrid Israel Museum, 2015), 5).
  74. ^ Among the artists who have trained potters in workshops in the use of porcelain from the beginning of the 20th century are Irit Abba and Rani Gilat.
  75. ^ Material mixed with paper. This material serves as a stabilizer in the making of pots and is characterized by more sculptural flexibility.
  76. ^ See Meira Yagid Haimovici, Irit Abba. The Wheel. Davr. (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv Museum of Art, 2009).