Minneapolis tarixi - History of Minneapolis

Yuqoridagi ko'rinish Sent-Entoni sharsharasi, qolgan un tegirmonlarining bir qismini ko'rsatib, Toshli ko'prik, gidroelektr stantsiyasi va qulf va to'g'on sharsharadan yuqori navigatsiyani ta'minlash.

Minneapolis eng kattasi shahar aholisi bo'yicha AQSh shtati ning Minnesota, va okrug markazi ning Hennepin okrugi. Shaharning kelib chiqishi va o'sishiga yaqin joylashganligi sabab bo'ldi Fort Snelling, birinchi yirik Qo'shma Shtatlar mintaqada harbiy joylashuvi va joylashgan joyi bo'yicha Sent-Entoni sharsharasi uchun quvvat bergan arra zavodlari va un tegirmonlari.

Fort Snelling 1819 yilda, daryoning quyilish joyida tashkil etilgan Missisipi va Minnesota daryolar va askarlar sharsharalardan suv quvvati uchun foydalanishni boshladilar. Qishloq uchun joy mavjud bo'lganda, sharsharaning ikki tomonida ikkita shahar barpo etildi: sharq tomonida Sent-Entoni va g'arbiy qismida Minneapolis. Keyinchalik 1872 yilda ikkita shahar bir shaharga birlashdi. Dastlabki rivojlanish arra ishlab chiqarishga yo'naltirilgan edi, ammo oxir-oqibat un zavodlari ustun sanoatga aylandi. Ushbu sanoat taraqqiyoti temir yo'llar va banklarning rivojlanishiga, shuningdek poydevorning asosini yaratdi Minneapolis don birjasi. Tegirmonlash texnikasidagi yangiliklar tufayli Minneapolis un ishlab chiqarish bo'yicha dunyoda etakchi markazga aylanib, "Mill City" nomini oldi. Shahar o'sishi bilan madaniyat o'z cherkovlari, san'at muassasalari, Minnesota universiteti va mashhur park tizimi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Horace Klivlend va Teodor Virt.

Garchi arra fabrikalari va un tegirmonlar uzoq vaqt ketgan, Minneapolis bank va sanoatning mintaqaviy markazi bo'lib qolmoqda. Ikkita eng yirik frezeleme kompaniyalari, General Mills va Pillsbury kompaniyasi Endi General Mills nomi bilan birlashtirilgan, hali ham Twin Cities sohasida taniqli bo'lib qolmoqda. Shahar daryo bo'yini qayta kashf etdi, u erda hozirda parklar joylashgan joy Mill City muzeyi, va Gutri teatri.

Dastlabki Evropa tadqiqotlari

Minneapolis atrofida o'sgan Sent-Entoni sharsharasi, faqat sharshara ustida Missisipi daryosi va daryoning tijorat maqsadlarida harakatlanadigan qismining oxirigacha qulflar 1960-yillarda o'rnatildi.

Seynt Entoni sharsharasini kashf etgan Ota Xenepinning surati.

Frantsuzcha tadqiqotchi Daniel Greysolon, Sier du Lhut ushbu mintaqada frantsuz hukmronligini kengaytirish bo'yicha topshiriq bilan 1680 yilda Minnesota mintaqasini o'rganib chiqdi. Kashf qilish paytida Sent-Kroy daryosi U boshqa ba'zi kashfiyotchilar asirda ushlab turilgani haqida xabar oldi. U ularni ozod qilishni tashkil qildi. Mahbuslar orasida Mishel Ako, Antuan Ovegel va Ota Lui Xenepin, a Katolik ruhoniy va missioner. O'sha ekspeditsiyada Ota Xenepin sharsharani o'rganib chiqdi va ularni homiysi avliyo sharafiga nomladi, Entoni Padua. U 1683 yilda kitob nashr ettirdi Luiziana ta'rifi, qiziqqan evropaliklarga ushbu hududni tasvirlab berdi. Vaqt o'tishi bilan u bo'rttirishga moyil bo'lib qoldi. Kitobning 1691 yildagi nashrida qulashlar atigi 16 fut (4,9 m) bo'lganida, ellik yoki oltmish futdan bir tomchi tushgan deb ta'riflangan.[1] Hennepin o'z taxminiga yaqin atrofdagi tezkor suvlarni ham kiritgan bo'lishi mumkin, chunki hozirgi dambalar qatori bo'ylab daryo sathining umumiy pasayishi 76 fut (23 m) ni tashkil qiladi.

Shahar erlari Qo'shma Shtatlar tomonidan bir qator shartnomalar va sotib olish bilan sotib olingan Mdewakanton Dakota guruhi va Evropa xalqlari bilan alohida. Angliya Missisipi va Frantsiyaning sharqiy qismiga, keyin Ispaniyaga va yana Frantsiya daryoning g'arbiy qismiga da'vo qildi. 1787 yilda daryoning sharqiy qismida joylashgan er qismi Shimoliy-g'arbiy hudud va 1803 yilda g'arbiy tomon Louisiana Xarid qilish, ikkalasi ham AQSh tomonidan da'vo qilingan.[2] 1805 yilda, Zebulon Pike Dakota hindularidan ikki uchastka yer sotib oldi. Bitta trakt Sankt-Kroix daryosining og'zida joylashgan bo'lsa, ikkinchi trakt trubaning quyilish joyidan o'tgan Minnesota va Missisipi daryolari Sent-Entoni sharsharasigacha, daryoning sharqiy va g'arbiy qismida to'qqiz mil (14 km) kenglikda. Buning evaziga u 200 dollar atrofida savdo mollari va oltmish galon likyor tarqatdi va Qo'shma Shtatlar hukumati tomonidan qo'shimcha to'lovni va'da qildi. The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati oxir-oqibat 2000 dollar miqdorida to'lovni tasdiqladi.[3]

Fort-Snelling va Sent-Entoni sharsharasi

Fort Snelling

Fort Snelling 1819 yilda Qo'shma Shtatlarning ushbu hududga nisbatan yurisdiksiyasini kengaytirish va ushbu hududdagi ingliz mo'yna savdogarlaridagi xavotirlarni bartaraf etish uchun tashkil etilgan. Dastlab askarlar MINNESOTA daryosining janub tomonida joylashgan joyda to'xtab qolishgan, ammo sharoit juda qiyin bo'lgan va askarlarning deyarli beshdan bir qismi vafot etgan shilliqqurt 1819-1820 yil qishda.[3] Keyinchalik ular lagerlarini ko'chirishdi Coldwater lageri 1820 yil may oyida. Qal'aning qurilishi paytida harbiy harakatlarning ko'p qismi o'sha erda o'tkazilgan. Kamp Coldwater, sovuq, tiniq va oqimli buloq joylashgan joy, mahalliy Dakota tomonidan ham muqaddas hisoblangan.[4]

Askarlar qal'ani ta'minlashi kerak edi, shuning uchun ular yo'llar qurdilar va sabzavot, bug'doy va pichan ekdilar va mol boqdilar. Shuningdek, ular ushbu hududda birinchi ob-havo yozuvlarini yozdilar. A yog'och tegirmon va a grist tegirmoni qal'ani ta'minlash uchun 1822 yilda sharsharada qurilgan.[5]

Hukumat gristmill va arra zavodi

Missisipining sharqiy qirg'og'ida Sent-Entoni sharsharasi yaqinida joylashishni 1830-yillarda Jozef Plimpton 1837 yilda Fort Snelling qo'mondoni bo'lib tayinlagan edi. U qo'riqxona erlarini aniqroq o'rganib chiqdi va xaritani urush bo'limiga uzatdi. zaxiradagi 34000 gektar maydonni (140 km²) chegaralash. U chegara chizig'ini mohirlik bilan 1805 yilgi tsessiyaning bir qismi bo'lgan sharqiy qirg'oqning ayrim qismlarini chiqarib tashlash uchun tortdi. Zebulon Pike. Uning rejasi shlyuzlarda oldindan to'lovni talab qilish edi. Biroq, Franklin Stil da'voga qo'shilish rejalari bor edi. 1838 yil 15-iyulda Fort Snellingga Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va Dakota va Ojibva o'rtasidagi shartnoma ratifikatsiya qilinganligi to'g'risida xabar berildi va erlar orasida Sent-Kroy daryosi va Missisipi daryolari. Stil sharsharaga yugurib bordi, shantaj qurdi va chegara chiziqlarini belgilab oldi. Plimtonning partiyasi ertasi kuni ertalab etib kelishdi, ammo ular eng kerakli erni talab qilish uchun juda kech edi. Plimton, Stilning da'vosi yaqinida, masalan, boshqa ko'chmanchilar kabi, unchalik kerakli bo'lmagan erlarni talab qildi Per Botinyo, Jozef Rondo, Semyuel Findli va Baptist Turpin.[6] Stil sharsharada to'g'on qurishga kirishdi va yog'ochdan yog'och kesuvchi arra ishlab chiqaradigan zavod qurdi Rum daryosi maydon.[1]

Dakota ovchilar va yig'uvchilar edi va tez orada mo'yna savdogarlari oldida qarzdor bo'lishdi. Ko'k yo'tal tarqalishi, buffalo, kiyik va ayiqning yo'qolishi va o'rmonlarning kesilishi natijasida boshoqlar 1851 yilda Traverse des Sioux shartnomasi, Mdewakanton 1852 yilda joylashishga imkon berib, daryoning g'arbiy qismida qolgan erlarni sotdi.[2]

Franklin Stil, shuningdek, sharsharaning g'arbiy qismida er olish uchun aqlli rejaga ega edi. U sherik bo'lgan polkovnikiga taklif qildi Jon H. Stivens u yer olish uchun urush bo'limi bilan savdolashishi kerak. Stivens faoliyat ko'rsatishga rozi bo'ldi parom Missisipi bo'ylab xizmat 160 akr (0,6 km) da'vo evaziga2) hukumat tegirmonlari ustida joylashgan. Hukumat ushbu savdoni ma'qulladi va Stivens 1849–1850 yillarning qishida uyini qurdi. Bu uy g'arbiy sohilda Minneapolisga aylangan hududdagi birinchi doimiy uy edi.[6] Bir necha yil o'tgach, buyurtma bilan qal'a tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan erlar miqdori kamaytirildi AQSh prezidenti Millard Fillmor va tezkor aholi punktlari kuzatildi. Tez orada daryoning janubi-g'arbiy qirg'og'ida Minneapolis qishlog'i paydo bo'ldi.[2]

Shahar kashshoflari

Sent-Entoni

Ard va Harriet Godfri uyi

Franklin Stil o'z eriga munosib unvonga ega bo'lgandan so'ng, u kuchini Sent-Entoni sharsharasida arra fabrikasi qurishga sarfladi. U moliyalashtirishni qo'lga kiritdi va Hennepin oroli bilan daryoning sharqiy kanalida to'g'on qurdi Nikolet oroli, ikkita yuqoriga va pastga arra bilan jihozlangan arra zavodi bilan birga. Uning sherigi Daniel Stanchfild, Minnesota shtatiga ko'chib kelgan yog'ochsoz, yog'ochni kesishni boshlash uchun Missisipi daryosiga ekipajlarni jo'natdi. Taxta zavodi 1848 yil sentyabrda yog'ochni kesishni boshladi. 1848 yil oktyabrda Stil Ard Godfreyni zavodni yiliga 1500 dollar maosh bilan boshqarish uchun yolladi.[6] Stil 1849 yilda shahar atrofini bezab, unga "Sent-Entoni" nomini bergan. Shahar tezda ishchilar bilan o'sdi. Dastlabki arra zavodidan va undan keyin kelgan bir qancha boshqalarga qo'shimcha ravishda, a grist tegirmoni 1855 yilda qurilgan. 1855 yilga kelib shaharchada taxminan 3000 kishi yashagan va u shahar sifatida birlashtirilgan.[6] Godfreyning 1848 yilda qurilgan uyi Hennepin okrugi hududiy kashshoflar uyushmasi tomonidan sotib olingan va Chute maydoniga ko'chib o'tgan.[6] Uy 1934 yilda Tarixiy Amerika binolarini o'rganish.[7]

Minneapolis

Jon Stivensning uyi

Daryoning g'arbiy qismida, Jon H. Stivens 1854 yilda bir shaharchani bezatdi. U ish boshladi Vashington-avenyu daryoga parallel, Vashingtonga parallel va perpendikulyar bo'lgan boshqa ko'chalar bilan. Keyinchalik u o'z qarorini shubha ostiga qo'ydi, chunki u ko'chalarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri sharq-g'arbiy va shimoliy-janubiy yo'nalishlarda olib borishi kerak edi, ammo bu oxir-oqibat Sent-Entoni platasi bilan yaxshi birlashdi. Keng, to'g'ri ko'chalar, Vashington bilan va Hennepin xiyoboni kengligi 100 fut (30 m), boshqalari esa 24 metr kengligi bilan qarama-qarshi Aziz Pol 18 metr kenglikdagi ko'chalar.[8][sahifa kerak ]

Jamiyat boshida Albion, All Saints, Lowell, Bruklyn, Addiseville va Winona-ni rad etib, bir nechta ismlarni sinab ko'rdi. Yigirma to'rtta kichkina ko'llar Endi ular shahar chegaralarida Charlz Xag, Minneapolisning birinchi maktab ustasi, taklif qilish Minnehapolis, Minnehaha va mni, Dakota so'zi suv,[9] va polis, Yunoncha shahar uchun so'z.[2]

Minnesota hududiy qonunchilik palatasi 1855 yilda Seynt Entoni va 1856 yilda Minneapolisni shahar deb tan oldi. Chegaralar o'zgartirildi va Minneapolis 1867 yilda shahar sifatida qabul qilindi. Minneapolis va Sent-Entoni 1872 yilda qo'shilishdi.[2] Minneapolis 1873 yilda 100 dan ortiq yo'l nomlarini o'zgartirdi, shu jumladan u bilan sobiq Sent-Entoni o'rtasidagi nomlarning takrorlanishini.[10]

Transport

Missisipi daryosi bo'ylab Hennepin prospektidagi birinchi ko'prik, taxminan 1865 yil.

The Hennepin xiyoboni ko'prigi, a osma ko'prik Missisipi daryosining butun kengligi bo'ylab qurilgan birinchi ko'prik bu 1854 yilda qurilgan va 1855 yil 23 yanvarda bag'ishlangan. Ko'prik 620 fut (190 m), 17 fut (5,2 m) uzunlikdagi yo'l bo'lgan; va 36000 dollar qiymatiga qurilgan. Piyodalar uchun besh sent va otlangan vagonlar uchun yigirma besh sent pul to'ladi.[11]

Minnesota shtatining dastlabki ko'chmanchilari xavotir bilan temir yo'l transportini izlamoqdalar, ammo kapital etarli bo'lmaganidan keyin mavjud edi 1857 yilgi vahima. Reyslar nihoyat 1862 yilda Minnesota shtatida qurilgan, qachonki Sankt-Pol va Tinch okeani temir yo'li o'zining dastlabki o'n mil (16 km) yo'lini Sent-Pol shahridagi Phalen Creek hududidan Sankt-Entoni sharsharasi yaqinida to'xtash joyigacha qurdi. Minneapolisdan temir yo'l qurishni davom ettirdi Elk daryosi 1864 yilda va Aziz bulut 1866 yilda va Minneapolisdan g'arbgacha Xovard ko'li 1867 yilda va Willmar 1869 yilda. Ayni paytda, Minnesota shtatining erta salafi Miluoki yo'li, 1865 yilda Minneapolisdan Fort Snellinggacha bo'lgan yo'lni qurdi. Temir yo'l asta-sekin uzaytirildi Faribault, Ovatonna va Ostin. Ayova chegarasini kesib o'tib, McGregor & Western liniyasi bilan uchrashdi. Ushbu ulanish Minneapolisga temir yo'l xizmatini ko'rsatdi Miluoki orqali Prairie du Chien, Viskonsin, xizmat orqali 1867 yil 14 oktyabrda boshlangan.[12]

A tramvay Minneapolis mintaqasidagi tizim 1875 yilda, Minneapolis Street Railway kompaniyasi otli vagonlarda xizmat ko'rsatishni boshlaganda shakllandi. Rahbarligida Tomas Louri, kompaniya Sent-Pol temir yo'l kompaniyasi bilan birlashdi va bu nomni oldi Twin City tezkor tranzit transporti. 1889 yilga kelib, elektrlashtirish boshlanganda tizim 185 milgacha (185 km) o'sdi.[12]

Biznes va sanoat

The Minneapolis va Sent-Luis temir yo'li taxminan 1879 yilgacha Minneapolis Sharqiy temir yo'l daryosiga yaqin raqobatdosh liniyani qurgan paytgacha g'arbiy frezeleme tumaniga monopollashtirilgan yuk xizmati. Ushbu fotosurat taxminan olingan. 1878 yilda G'arbiy tegirmonlarni suv bilan ta'minlaydigan 1-chi kanal bo'ylab qurilgan M & StL estakadasi ko'rsatilgan.

Minneapolisdagi dastlabki sanoat rivojlanishining aksariyati bog'liq edi Sent-Entoni sharsharasi va u taqdim etgan quvvat. 1848-1887 yillarda Minneapolis millatni arralashda etakchilik qildi. 1856 yilda tegirmonlar 12 mln taxta oyoqlari (28000 m³) yog'och. Ushbu mablag '1869 yilda taxminan 91,000,000 (215,000 m³) futga, 1899 yilda esa 960,000,000 (2270,000 m³) ga etgan. Ushbu faoliyatning eng yuqori cho'qqisida, kamida 13 ta arralash fabrikasi sharsharada ishlagan. Yog'ochni qayta ishlash zavodlari, shuningdek, yog'ochni rejalashtirish va tekislash kabi tegirmonlar kabi tegishli sohalarni qo'llab-quvvatladilar; qanot, eshik va deraza qurgan fabrikalar; shingles va yog'och chelaklar ishlab chiqaruvchilari.[6][11]

Fort Snelling hukumat fabrikasidan kelib chiqqan holda, unni tegirmon qilish sanoati keyinchalik yog'ochni qayta ishlash sanoatini tayyor mahsulotning qiymatiga aylantirdi. Un ishlab chiqarish 30 ming barrelni (4800 m) tashkil etdi3) 1860 yilda, 256 100 barrel (40720 m) ga ko'tarildi3) 1869 yilda. Cadwallader C. Washburn Ta'sirchan tegirmon 1866 yilda qurilgan bo'lib, olti qavatli bo'lib, g'arbdagi eng katta tegirmon sifatida tanilgan Buffalo, Nyu-York. Qal'alardagi boshqa taniqli sanoat korxonalariga quyish korxonalari, dastgohlar va to'qimachilik fabrikalari kiradi.[6]

Shu vaqt ichida sharq tomonda joylashgan Sent-Entoni g'arbiy qismida Minneapolisdan ajralib turardi. Suv energetikasini past darajadagi boshqarish natijasida Seynt Entoni o'zining ishlab chiqarish hududining pasayib borayotganini aniqladi. Ba'zi odamlar va tashkilotlar ikki shaharni birlashtirish haqida gapira boshlashdi. Fuqarolar qo'mitasi 1866 yilda ikki shaharni birlashtirishni tavsiya qilgan, ammo 1867 yilda bu masala bo'yicha ovoz berish rad etilgan. Minneapolis 1867 yilda shahar sifatida qabul qilingan. Ikki shahar o'zlarini aholisi ko'proq bo'lgan Sankt-Pol bilan raqobatlashdilar. Missisipi daryosida navigatsiya va temir yo'llarga ko'proq kirish.[6]

1886 yilda Richard Uorren Sears Minneapolisda "R.W. Sears Watch Company" deb nomlagan pochta orqali buyurtma soatlarini ishlab chiqarishni boshlagan, biznesni Chikagoga ko'chirishdan va keyinchalik asos solishdan oldin. Sears, Roebuck va Co., ko'proq Sears nomi bilan tanilgan.[13]

Sent-Entoni sharsharasining qulashi tahdid qildi

1900 yillarning boshlarida Pillsbury "A" tegirmoni va unga qo'shni Feniks tegirmoni

Keyinchalik ikki shahar birlashish tomon surilib, falokatni deyarli yo'q qilgan falokat sabab bo'ldi. Hududning geologik shakllanishi qattiq, ingichka qatlamdan iborat edi ohaktosh yumshoq ustiga yopishtirish qumtosh shakllanish. Qumtosh yemirilib ketganda, ohaktoshning katta bloklari qulab tushar edi. Sharqiy qismida frezeleme va sanoatning kengayishi eroziya jarayonini tezlashtirdi.[6] Agar ohaktoshning mo'rt qopqog'i hech qachon yo'q bo'lib ketmasa, qulab tushadigan suv oqimiga aylanib ketishi mumkin edi. Ushbu jarayon 1869 yil 4 oktyabrda Hennepin va Nikollet orollari ostidagi tunnel qulab tushganda va suv bilan to'ldirilganda boshlandi. Ohaktosh qopqog'i buzilganligi sababli, tunnel tezda Xennepin orolini portlatgan va sharsharani yo'q qilish bilan tahdid qilgan suv oqimini yaratdi. Yiqilishlar tezda qisqartirildi va keyingi bir necha yil ichida, ohaktosh ob-havo ta'siriga tushib qolmaslik uchun, sharsharani yog'ochdan yasalgan fartuk qurish, tunnelni muhrlash va sharsharadan pastroq to'g'onlarni qurish orqali ta'mirlandi. Ushbu ishda federal hukumat yordam bergan va oxir-oqibat 1884 yilda tugatilgan. Federal hukumat bu harakatga 615 ming dollar sarflagan, ikki shahar esa 334,5 ming dollar sarflagan.[11] Ehtimol, sharsharalarni tiklash uchun zarur bo'lgan bog'lanish natijasida, 1872 yil 9-aprelda Sent-Entoni va Minneapolis shaharlari birlashdi.[6]

Unni maydalashni rivojlantirish

Missisipining sharqiy qirg'og'idagi Pillsbury "A" tegirmoni.
Washburn "A" tegirmoni, 1991 yong'inida deyarli yo'q bo'lib ketgan, endi Mill City muzeyi sifatida ochiq.
1895 yildagi litografiya Mills tumani.

The Sent-Entoni Express gazetasi 1855 yilda shunday degan edi: "Minnesota o'zining tuprog'ining ustunligi va bug'doy madaniyati uchun mavsumi va un ishlab chiqarish uchun misli ko'rilmagan suv quvvati bilan ushbu maqolaning katta qismini eksport qiladigan vaqt uzoq emas. ... bizning tegirmonlarimiz aylanadi sifati va tashqi qiyofasi bo'yicha G'arbda ishlab chiqarilayotgan bug'doydan ustundir. "[11] 1876 ​​yilga kelib daryoning g'arbiy qismida sharsharalar ostida o'n sakkizta tegirmon qurilgan. Birinchi tegirmonlarda an'anaviy texnologiya qo'llanilgan tegirmon toshlari bu donni maydalashga va bir pasda imkon qadar ko'proq unni maydalashga imkon beradi.[11] Ushbu tizim eng yaxshi ishladi kuzgi bug'doy, kuzda ekilgan va bahorda o'sishini qayta tiklagan. Biroq, qishning og'ir sharoitlari yuqori O'rta G'arbiy kuzgi bug'doy etishtirish uchun qarz bermadi, chunki chuqur sovuq va qor qoplamining etishmasligi hosilni o'ldirdi. Bahorda ekish va yozda yig'ib olish mumkin bo'lgan bahorgi bug'doy yanada ishonchli ekin edi. Biroq, an'anaviy frezeleme texnikasi kerakli mahsulotni ishlab chiqarmadi, chunki bahorgi bug'doy donalarining qattiqroq po'stlog'i silliqlash toshlari orasida sinib ketdi. The oqsil va kraxmal unni ham to'liq aralashtirib bo'lmasdi va un aylanardi g'azablangan. Minneapolis frezeleme kompaniyalari ushbu muammoni ixtiro qilish yo'li bilan hal qilishdi middlings tozalovchi, bu frezeleme jarayonida ilgari qobiqlarni undan ajratishga imkon berdi. Shuningdek, ular asta-sekin qisqartirish jarayonini ishlab chiqdilar, bu erda don chinni, temir yoki po'latdan yasalgan bir qator rulolar o'rtasida maydalangan edi. Ushbu jarayon natijasida "patentli" un paydo bo'ldi, u o'rnini bosadigan "novvoylar" yoki "tiniq" un narxlari deyarli ikki baravarga ko'tarildi.[14] Washburn fabrikasi ushbu texnikalarni monopoliyalashtirishga urinib ko'rdi, ammo Pillsbury va boshqa kompaniyalar ishchilarni Washburndan uzoqlashtirdilar va bu jarayonni takrorlashga muvaffaq bo'lishdi.[15]

Un sanoati barqaror o'sib borgan bo'lsa-da, bitta muhim voqea un ishlab chiqarishda tartibsizlikni keltirib chiqardi. 1878 yil 2-mayda Yuvish "A" tegirmoni don changlari yoqilganda portladi. Portlash natijasida o'n sakkiz nafar ishchi halok bo'ldi va ishlab chiqarish quvvatining uchdan bir qismi vayron bo'ldi frezeleme tumani, shuningdek yaqin atrofdagi boshqa korxonalar va turar joylar. Yil oxiriga kelib, o'n etti tegirmon qayta ishladi, shu jumladan qayta tiklangan Washburn "A" tegirmoni va butunlay qayta tiklangan. Tegirmonchilar, shuningdek, chang yig'ish tizimlari kabi yangi texnologiyalar bilan qayta qurish imkoniyatidan foydalandilar. Daryoning sharqiy tomonidagi eng katta tegirmon bu edi Pillsbury "A" tegirmoni, 1880–1881 yillarda qurilgan va mahalliy me'mor LeRoy S. Buffington tomonidan loyihalashtirilgan. The Pillsbury kompaniyasi chiroyli va ishlab turadigan bino xohlagan. Etti qavatli bino poydevorida olti metr qalinlikdagi tosh devorlari yuqori qismida o'n sakkiz dyuymga toraygan edi. O'tgan yillar davomida takomillashtirilgan va qo'shimchalar bilan u dunyodagi eng yirik un zavodiga aylandi.[11] Pillsbury "A" fabrikasi endi a Milliy tarixiy yo'nalish, Washburn "A" tegirmoni bilan birga.

1891 yilda, Shimoli-g'arbiy konsolidatsiyalangan frezeleme kompaniyasi ko'plab kichik tegirmonlarni bitta korporativ tashkilotga birlashtirgan holda tashkil etildi. 1880-1930 yillarda Minneapolis un ishlab chiqarishda xalqqa etakchilik qilib, "Mill City" laqabini oldi.[11] Minneapolis o'zib ketdi Budapesht 1884 yilda dunyodagi yetakchi un ishlab chiqaruvchisi sifatida ishlab chiqarish taxminan 7000.000 AQSh quruq bochkada (810.000 m) ishlab chiqarilgan31800 yilda har yili. 1900 yilda Minneapolis tegirmonlari mamlakat donining 14,1 foizini maydalashgan va 1915–16 yillarda un ishlab chiqarish eng yuqori cho'qqisiga etib, AQShning quruq bochkalari (20363,800 m)3) har yili.[15]

Minneapolis panoramasi, taxminan 1908 yil, o'ng tomonda tegirmon tumani.

Gidroelektr energiyasi

Missisipining sharqiy qirg'og'idagi 1911-chi asosiy ko'chasi stantsiyasi, Pillsbury "A" tegirmoni orqa fonda.

1882 yilda birinchi markaziy stantsiya (bir nechta foydalanuvchini etkazib beradi) gidroelektr Qo'shma Shtatlardagi elektr stantsiyasi Upton orolidagi sharsharada qurilgan.[6]:137 The Brush Electric kompaniyasi boshchiligidagi Charlz F. Brush, beshta generatorni o'z ichiga olgan uskunalarni etkazib berdi. Elektr toki to'rtta zanjir orqali do'konlarga uzatildi Vashington-avenyu. Elektr stantsiyasi 1882 yil 5 sentyabrda chiroqni yoqib yubordi Vulkan ko'chasi zavodi yilda Appleton, Viskonsin, 30-sentabrda elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarishni boshladi. Kompaniya keyinchalik Minnegascoga aylangan va hozirda uning tarkibiga kirgan Minneapolis Gas Light Company bilan raqobatlashdi. CenterPoint Energy.[6]

1895 yilda, Uilyam de la Barre sharsharadan pastga qarab 2,600 fut (670 m) pastroq suv omborini qurishni boshladi. Uning maqsadi energiya sotadigan GES qurishdan iborat edi Twin City tezkor tranzit transporti, keyinchalik elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarish uchun bug 'quvvatidan foydalangan. To'g'on 1897 yil 20 martda qurib bitkazildi. Keyinchalik, 1906 yilda u qurilishini boshladi Hennepin orolidagi gidroelektr zavodi. Zavod Minneapolis General Electric kompaniyasiga ijaraga berildi, u zavodni Twin City Rapid Transit-ga etkazib beradi. Minneapolis General Electric keyinchalik Shimoliy Shtatlar Energetika Kompaniyasiga aylandi, endi u tanilgan Xcel Energy.[6]

Temir yo'llar

Yog'ochlarni qayta ishlash zavodlari va un zavodlarining rivojlanishi Minneapolisga temir yo'l xizmatiga bo'lgan talabni keltirib chiqardi.[16] 1868 yilda Minneapolisga faqat avliyo Pol tomonidan xizmat qilingan Chikago, Miluoki, Sent-Pol va Tinch okeani temir yo'llari va yangi paydo bo'lgan Sankt-Pol va Tinch okeani temir yo'li tomonidan. Minneapolis tegirmonlari temir yo'llar joylashganligini aniqladilar Miluoki va Chikago bug'doyni Minneapolis tegirmonlaridan ajratib, o'z shaharlarining foydasiga edi. Bunga javoban, Minneapolisdagi bir nechta tegirmon egalari charter Minneapolis va Sent-Luis temir yo'li, ulanadigan Superior ko'li va Missisipi temir yo'li Minneapolis orqali Ayova chegarasiga. Ayni paytda, Jey Kuk nazoratini o'z qo'liga oldi Sankt-Pol va Tinch okeani temir yo'li uni birlashtirish maqsadida 1871 yilda Shimoliy Tinch okeani temir yo'li. Yomon iqtisodiy sharoitlar sabab bo'ldi 1873 yilgi vahima, va Shimoliy Tinch okeani Sankt-Pol va Tinch okeani temir yo'lini va Superior ko'li va Missisipi temir yo'lini boshqarishdan voz kechishlari kerak edi.[12]

Tosh Arch Bridge

Jeyms J. Xill oxir-oqibat Sankt-Pol va Tinch okeani temir yo'lini Sankt-Pol, Minneapolis va Manitoba temir yo'li sifatida qayta tashkil etdi, keyinchalik u Buyuk Shimoliy temir yo'l. Manitoba chizig'ida ikkita qator bor edi Qizil daryo vodiysi unga bug'doy etishtiradigan hududlarga kirish huquqini berdi va Minneapolisdagi bir nechta tegirmonlarga xizmat qildi.[12] Manitobaning Minneapolisdagi kichik yo'lovchi stantsiyasi etarli emas edi, shuning uchun Xill boshqa temir yo'llar bilan bo'lishishni kutgan yangi omborni qurishga qaror qildi. Manitobaning asosiy yo'li Missisipining sharqiy tomonidan o'tganligi sababli, stantsiyaga etib borish uchun daryo bo'ylab yangi ko'prik kerak edi. Natijada edi Toshli ko'prik, 1883 yilda qurib bitkazilgan. Minneapolis Union Depot 1885 yil 25 aprelda yo'lovchilarga xizmat ko'rsatish uchun ochilgan.[12]

Shu bilan birga, Miluoki yo'li 1880 yilda Sankt-Poldan Minneapolga "Qisqa chiziq" aloqasi bilan Minneapolisdagi ishtirokini kengaytirdi va Minneapolisdan g'arbiy yo'nalishga boradigan Xastings va Dakota temir yo'lini sotib oldi. Montevideo, Ortonvill va ichiga Aberdin, Janubiy Dakota. Shuningdek, ular katta rilyard va do'konlarni qurishdi Xiawata xiyoboni shimol tomonda Leyk ko'chasi va Vashington prospektidagi katta ombor.[12]

The Minneapolis, Sault Sht. Mari va Atlantika temir yo'li orqali Atlantika portlariga xizmat ko'rsatish maqsadi bilan 1883 yilda boshlangan Sault Sht. Mari, Michigan va Chikagodan butunlay chetlab o'tish.[12]

Boshqa korxonalar

Minneapolis don almashinuvi, taxminan 1939 yil

Minneapolis savdo palatasi 1881 yilda don savdosi bozori sifatida tashkil etilgan. Bu fermerlarga o'zlari uchun eng yaxshi narxlarni olishlarini ta'minlash orqali yordam berdi bug'doy, jo'xori va makkajo'xori, chunki odatdagi talab va taklif egri chiziqlari butun mintaqada hosilni yig'ish vaqtlari shu qadar pasaygan. 1883 yilda ular birinchisini taqdim etdilar fyuchers shartnomasi qattiq qizil bahorgi bug'doy uchun. 1947 yilda tashkilot qayta nomlandi Minneapolis don birjasi, "atamasidan beriTijorat Palatasi "biznes va ijtimoiy masalalar bilan shug'ullanadigan tashkilotlar bilan sinonimga aylandi.[17]

Unni tegirmon qilish sanoati, shuningdek, Minneapolis hududida banklarning rivojlanishiga turtki bo'ldi. Tegirmon fabrikalari o'z zavodlari va mashinalariga sarmoyalar va ularning doimiy ishlashi uchun kapital talab qilar edi. 20-asrning boshlarida Minneapolis "shimoli-g'arbiy moliyaviy markazi" sifatida tanilgan.[15]

Madaniyat muassasalari

Ta'lim

DeLaSalle o'rta maktabining tashqi ko'rinishi

The Minnesota universiteti shtat qonun chiqaruvchisi tomonidan 1851 yilda, Minnesota shtati bo'lishidan etti yil oldin, tayyorgarlik maktabi sifatida tuzilgan. Maktab davomida yopilishga majbur bo'ldi Amerika fuqarolar urushi moliyaviy qiyinchiliklar tufayli, lekin qo'llab-quvvatlash bilan John S. Pillsbury, u 1867 yilda qayta ochilgan. Uilyam Uotts Folvell 1869 yilda Universitetning birinchi prezidenti bo'ldi. Universitet dastlabki ikkitasini berdi San'at bakalavri 1873 yilda darajaga erishdi va birinchi darajaga ega bo'ldi Falsafa fanlari doktori 1888 yilda daraja.[18] Sent-Entoni hududida boshlanganidan beri, universitet oxir-oqibat Missisipining sharqiy qirg'og'ida katta shaharchaga aylandi, shu bilan birga Sankt-Poldagi kampus va 1960-yillarda G'arbiy Sohil shaharchasi qo'shildi.

DeLaSalle o'rta maktabi arxiyepiskop tomonidan tashkil etilgan Jon Irlandiya 1900 yilda a Katolik o'rta maktab. Uning dastlabki vazifasi tijorat maktabi bo'lgan, ammo 1920 yilda ota-onalar kollejga tayyorgarlik maktabini so'rashgan. Maktab 100 yildan ortiq vaqt davomida bir necha binolarda ishlaydi Nikolet oroli.[19]

Parklar

Harriet ko'lidagi bandshell, 2006 yil

Minneapolisdagi birinchi park 1857 yilda shaharga sovg'a qilingan, ammo jamoat o'z bog'lariga katta qiziqish bilan qariyb 25 yil vaqt talab qilgan. Minneapolis Savdo Kengashi va boshqa fuqarolik rahbarlari yordam uchun Minnesotadagi Qonunchilik palatasiga murojaat qilishdi. 1883 yil 27-fevralda Qonunchilik palatasi shaharga park okrugini tuzish va soliqlar olishga vakolat berdi. Dastlabki tasavvurida dizayn tushunchalari asosida bir qator bulvarlar yaratish kerak edi Frederik Qonun Olmsted, bu bog'larni bog'laydi. Fuqarolar rahbarlari iqtisodiy rivojlanishni rag'batlantirish va er qadriyatlarini oshirishga umid qilishdi. Landshaft me'mori Horace Klivlend "Grand Rounds" nomli bog'lar tizimini yaratish uchun yollangan.[20]

Harriet ko'li tomonidan shaharga sovg'a qilingan Uilyam S. King 1885 yilda va ko'ldagi birinchi lenta 1888 yilda qurilgan. 1985 yilda qurilgan hozirgi bandshell joylashgan joyi bo'yicha beshinchi.[21]

Minnehaxa sharsharasi park sifatida 1889 yilda sotib olingan. Bog'dagi belgi nomi bilan atalgan Genri Uodsvort Longflou doston, Xiavataning qo'shig'i.[22]

1906 yilda, Teodor Virt bog'larning boshlig'i sifatida Minneapolisga keldi. Uning davrida park tizimi 57 ta ob'ektdagi 1810 akrdan (7,3 km²) 144 ta mulkdagi 5421 akrgacha (21,9 km²) o'sdi. Minneapolis ko'llar zanjiri atrofida tashkil etilgan park tizimi (shu jumladan Sidar ko'li, Orollar ko'li, Bde Maka Ska, Harriet ko'li, Xivata ko'li va Nokomis ko'li ) butun dunyo bo'ylab parklarni rejalashtiruvchilar uchun namuna bo'ldi. Shuningdek, u parklarni passiv hayratga solish uchun ajratib qo'yishdan farqli o'laroq, faol dam olishga da'vat etdi.[23]

San'at

The Minneapolis san'at instituti 1883 yilda Minneapolis jamoatiga tasviriy san'atni olib kirishga majbur bo'lgan yigirma beshta fuqaro tomonidan tashkil etilgan. Hozirgi bino, a neoklassik firmasi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan McKim, Mead and White va 1915 yilda ochilgan. Keyinchalik 1974 yilda qo'shimchalar olgan Kenzo Tange va 2006 yilda Maykl Graves.[24]

The Minnesota orkestri u Minneapolis simfonik orkestri sifatida tashkil etilgan 1903 yildan boshlangan. Uning nomi o'zgartirildi Minnesota orkestri 1968 yilda va o'z binosiga ko'chib o'tdi, Orkestr zali, 1974 yilda Minneapolis markazida.[25]

The Walker Art Center Yuqori O'rta G'arbda birinchi jamoat san'at galereyasi sifatida 1927 yilda tashkil etilgan. 1940-yillarda muzey o'z e'tiborini zamonaviy san'atga qaratdi, chunki Gilbert Uolker xonimning sovg'asi asarlar sotib olishga imkon yaratdi. Pablo Pikasso, Genri Mur, Alberto Jakometti va boshqalar. Muzey zamonaviy san'atga bo'lgan e'tiborini 1960-yillarda sayohat shoulari bilan davom ettirdi va hozirda AQShning "katta beshligi" zamonaviy san'at muzeylaridan biri hisoblanadi.[26]

Cherkovlar

Bizning Lourdes xonimimiz

Bizning Lourdes katolik cherkovining xonimi 1854 yilda tashkil etilgan. Bu Minneapolisdagi doimiy foydalanishda bo'lgan eng qadimiy cherkov. Cherkov dastlab tomonidan qurilgan Birinchi universalistik jamiyat va keyinchalik a Katolik cherkovi 1877 yilda katolik frantsuz kanadalik jamoati uni sotib olganida.[27]

Aziz Maryam Bazilikasi

The Aziz Maryam Bazilikasi 1907-1915 yillarda ilgari fermer xo'jaligi bo'lgan erlarda qurilgan, keyin a zoologik bog '. Arxiyepiskop Jon Irlandiya dastlab Minneapolisning sobori deb nomlangan cherkovni rejalashtirish ishlarini boshqargan. Aziz Pol sobori Sankt-Polda. Da me'mor bo'lgan Emmanuel Masquerayni tanladi Ecole des Beaux-Art yilda Parij. Birinchi massa 1914 yil 31 mayda bo'lib o'tdi. Cherkov rahbarlari Amerikada eng yaxshi qurbongoh qurishni xohladilar. Darajasiga ko'tarildi bazilika va 1926 yilda Qo'shma Shtatlardagi birinchi bazilika bo'ldi. Bino ro'yxatda keltirilgan Tarixiy joylarning milliy reestri mintaqaning eng yaxshi misollaridan biri sifatida Beaux-Arts me'morchiligi.[28]

O'zgaruvchan shahar

20-asrning dastlabki bir necha o'n yilligida Minneapolis 1915-1916 yillarda eng yuqori cho'qqisiga chiqqandan so'ng, un tegirmonida ustun mavqeini yo'qotishni boshladi. Bug 'quvvati va keyinchalik elektr energiyasining ko'tarilishi Sent-Entoni sharsharasining suv energiyasidagi afzalligini yo'qqa chiqardi. Dakotas va Minnesotaning Red River vodiysidagi bug'doy dalalari ketma-ket bug'doy ekinlari tufayli tuproqning charchashiga duchor bo'la boshladilar va bu o'sishga olib keldi bug'doy bargi zang va tegishli ekin kasalliklari. Janubiy tekislik dehqonlari non uniga mos turlicha turg'un qizil kuzgi bug'doyni ishlab chiqarishdi Kanzas-Siti maydoni frezalashda mashhurlikka erishdi. Shuningdek, temir yo'l transporti narxlarining o'zgarishi sababli, tegirmonchilar Buffalo, Nyu-York raqobatdosh ravishda o'z unlarini etkazib berishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi.[15]

1963 yilda Toshli ko'prik yuqori qulfning bo'sh joyini ta'minlash uchun o'zgartirildi

Bunga javoban, Washburn-Crosby Company va Pillsbury kabi kompaniyalar o'z brendlarini iste'molchilarga maxsus sotishni boshladilar. Washburn-Crosby 1880 yilda qo'lga kiritilgan sovrinni hisobga olgan holda o'z unlarini "Oltin medal" deb nomladi va "Oxir oqibat - nega endi yo'q?" Shiori bilan reklama qildi. Pillsbury ularning shiori bilan qarshi chiqdi, chunki "Pillsbury's Best" brend nomini o'z ichiga olgan. Washburn-Crosby bu xarakterni ixtiro qildi Betti Kroker mahsulot savollariga javob berish. Shuningdek, ular 1924 yilda radiostantsiya sotib olib, uning nomini o'zgartirdilar WCCO uchun turgan "Vkuyish Crozbi CoWashburn-Crosby 1928 yilda bir nechta mintaqaviy frezalash kompaniyalari bilan birlashdi va o'zlarining nomlarini o'zgartirdi General Mills. General Mills ham, Pillsbury ham non pishirish bo'yicha musobaqalarga homiylik qilish va retseptlarni nashr qilish orqali unni maydalashdan tashqari turlarini diversifikatsiya qilishga intildilar. Kabi yarim tayyor ovqatlarni ishlab chiqishni boshladilar Bisquick kabi tayyor ovqatlar Bug'doy.[15]

1930 yildan keyin un zavodlari asta-sekin to'xtab qola boshladi. Binolar yo bo'shatilgan yoki buzilgan, tegirmonlarga xizmat ko'rsatgan temir yo'l estakadasi buzilgan, sobiq tegirmon kanali va tegirmon xarobalari shag'al bilan to'ldirilgan. Sharsharada qolgan so'nggi ikkita tegirmon - Washburn "A" tegirmoni va Pillsbury "A" tegirmoni. 1965 yilda General Mills o'zlarining eng qadimgi tegirmonlari bilan bir qatorda Washburn "A" tegirmonini yopib qo'ydi. 20-asrning boshlarida shaharning Hiawata avenyu va Midtown Grinvey kabi koridorlari bo'ylab barcha frezalash ishlari to'xtatildi. Natijada temir yo'llardan foydalanishga bo'lgan talab ham kamaydi.[11][15]

Daryodan iqtisodiy foydalanishni davom ettirish uchun fuqarolik rahbarlari qulflar va to'g'onlarni qurish rejalarini ilgari surishdi va Missisipi daryosini Sent-Entoni sharsharasi bo'ylab birinchi marta suzib o'tishga imkon berishdi. Kongressning Yuqori Minneapolis bandargohini rivojlantirish loyihasini tasdiqlash 1937 yilda amalga oshirilgan, ammo 1950 yildan 1963 yilgacha Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining muhandislar korpusi ning ikkita to'plamini qurdi qulflar pastki to'g'onda va sharsharada. Shuningdek, ular sharsharani doimiy beton perron bilan qopladilar. Loyiha, shuningdek, Toshli ko'prik arklarning ikkitasini po'lat bilan almashtirish orqali truss.Ruh orolining qolgan qismi ham bu jarayonda yo'q qilindi.[11][29]

Mutaassiblik va korruptsiya

Taxminan 20-asrning boshlarida Minneapolisda mutaassiblik avj olib, ba'zan o'nlab yillar davomida, hattoki hozirgi kungacha saqlanib kelmoqda. Ba'zan bu qisqa muddatli edi. 1910 yilda va tez orada boshqa ishlab chiqaruvchilar tomonidan nusxa ko'chirilgan Minneapolis ishlab chiqaruvchisi o'z ishlarida ba'zi irqlar va etnik guruhlar uchun taqiqlovchi cheklov shartnomalarini tuzdi, bu ozchiliklarga ushbu mulklarga egalik qilish yoki ijaraga berishni oldini oldi. 1953 yilda shtat qonuni va federal 1968 yilgi adolatli uy-joy to'g'risidagi qonun kamsitish taqiqlangan, ammo ozchiliklarga qarshi cheklovlar Minneapolisning 2017 yilgi ko'plab harakatlarida topilgan.[30]

Minneapolis mashhur edi antisemitizm 1880-yillardan boshlab va 1950-yillarga qadar.[31] 1946 yilda shahar "AQShda antisemitizm poytaxti" deb ta'riflangan Keri Makvilliams[32] va 1959 yilda Gunther Plaut.[33] O'sha paytda shahar yahudiylari ko'plab tashkilotlarning a'zoligidan chetlashtirilib, ish joyidagi kamsitishlarga duch kelishdi va ba'zi mahallalarda istalmagan aholi deb hisoblanishdi.[34] Minneapolisdagi yahudiylarga ham aniq uy sotib olishga ruxsat berilmagan Minneapolisning mahallalari.[35] 40-yillarda O'rta G'arbda Minneapolisdan tashqari antisemitizm etishmasligi qayd etilgan. Makvilyams 1946 yilda qo'shni davlatlarda antisemitizm yo'qligini ta'kidladi Aziz Pol.[36]

Oilaviy hayot orqali tarqalish, aksariyat hollarda Ku-kluks-klan shaharda faqat 1921 yildan 1923 yilgacha hokimiyatni ushlab turdi.[37] 1925 yilda Evgenika to'g'risidagi davlat qonunining qabul qilinishidan va butun davomida Progressive Era, Minnesota shtati fuqarolari xatti-harakatlarini nazorat qilish uchun qonunlardan foydalanganlar. Egalari Eitel kasalxonasi Minneapolisda tajriba taqdim etildi sterilizatsiya qilish bir mingga yaqin kishi, asosan ayollar, a Faribault tashxis qo'yilgan odamlar uchun davlat kasalxonasi aqli zaif turli sabablarga ko'ra.[38][nb 1]

1920-1930 yillar Taqiq, gangsterlar va olomon shahar yer osti dunyosini boshqargan. Shimoliy Minneapolisni yahudiy gangsterlari boshqargan Isadore Blumenfield, shuningdek Kid Cann nomi bilan tanilgan, shuningdek, qotillik, fohishabozlik, pul yuvish, Minneapolis tramvay tizimini yo'q qilish va siyosiy pora bilan bog'liq bo'lgan.[39] Bosh O'Konnor Sent-Pol Politsiyasi O'Konnor tizimini yaratdi, bu poytaxtda firibgarlar uchun boshpana va bosh og'rig'ini ta'minladi Minneapolis politsiyasi.[40] Edvard G. ismli irlandiyalik "Big Ed" Morgan bilan qimor o'ynash joylari faoliyat yuritganda korruptsiya MPDga tarqaldi bootleggerlar politsiya himoyasida.[41] Denni Xogan, Sent-Polning "Xudo otasi" Morgan bilan ittifoqdosh bo'lib, ikkalasi yahudiy gangsterlari bilan taqiq va Xogan o'limi susayguncha raqobatlashdi.[40]

Siyosat va ijtimoiy o'zgarishlar

Xubert Xamfri 1940-yillarning boshlarida Minnesota siyosatida boshlandi. U Minnesota shtatining tashkilotchisi edi Demokratik partiya o'sha paytda va u partiyaning muvaffaqiyatga erishish uchun eng yaxshi imkoniyati, agar shunday bo'lsa, kelishini tushundi Minnesota shtatidagi fermer-mehnat partiyasi Demokratik partiya bilan birlashdi. Boshqa partiyalar rahbarlari birlashishni muhokama qilmoqdalar, ammo Xamfrining g'oyasi minglab sodiq saylovchilarning kuchini qozonish uchun "Fermer-leybor" nomini birlashtirilgan partiya nomida saqlab qolish edi. Shunday qilib, partiya nom oldi Minnesota Demokratik-Fermer-Mehnat partiyasi.[1]

Keyinchalik Xamfri Prezident huzuridagi vitse-prezident lavozimida ish olib boradi Lyndon B. Jonson

Xamfri birinchi bo'lib yugurdi shahar hokimi 1943 yilda Minneapolisdan atigi olti ming ovoz bilan yutqazgan. He campaigned again in the 1945 election, with the support of the city's labor leaders, and found support with the city's African-American community by promising to implement a city inson huquqlari komissiya. He also appealed to the city's middle class by giving talks on civic virtue at area churches. He was elected in 1945 by the largest margin to date. When elected, he immediately proposed a city ordinance that would make racial discrimination by employers subject to a fine. After a long period of discussion, the Minneapolis City Council finally approved the ordinance by a 21 to 3 margin on January 31, 1947.[42] The ordinance created the nation's first Fair Employment Practices Ordinance and established Minneapolis as the nation's leader in imposing fines for employment discrimination,[42] though pressure from the local Urban League would also limit employment opportunities for African Americans during the ordinance's first few years.[42]

In contrast to similar measures passed in Milwaukee and Chicago, the Minneapolis Fair Employment ordinance gave the city's newly created Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) authority to not only impose fines, but also prison sentences for employers who enacted job discrimination.[42] Larger banks and department stores saw the value in civil rights and began to hire more African-Americans. Humphrey also recognized that city police officers operating under racial and ethnic prejudice were causing urban unrest, so he instructed the city's police chief to have officers in minority neighborhoods keep in contact with clergy, teachers, business owners, and other neighborhood leaders. This helped to redefine the issue of prejudice and got its attention as a problem that could be solved, not just a fact of life that had to be taken for granted.[3]

Humphrey's progress with civil rights in Minneapolis gained national attention, with many cities inquiring about how they could establish their own civil rights commissions. In 1947, he was reelected with 102,000 votes over his opponent's 52,000 votes. Delegati sifatida 1948 yil demokratlarning milliy qurultoyi, he led the call for a strong civil rights plank.[3] In his address, he said, "There are those who say to you – we are rushing this issue of civil rights. I say we are 172 years late. There are those who say – this issue of civil rights is an infringement on states rights. The time has arrived for the Democratic Party to get out of the shadow of state's rights and walk forthrightly into the bright sunshine of human rights."[43] Xemfri saylangan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati in the 1948 election and served many years as a prominent Minnesota politician, including Vice President of the U.S. from 1965–1969.

V. Garri Devis, who later served 20 years on the Minneapolis School Board, agreed to run for mayor in 1971, becoming the city's first black mayoral candidate supported by a major political party. Oq supremacistlar were still present in Minneapolis, and threatened his family daily during the campaign. The police department guarded their home and the Federal qidiruv byurosi gave them protection dogs. Davis also received support from white politicians including Humphrey, Donald M. Freyzer va Valter Mondale.[44] Twenty years later, Minneapolis elected its first African American mayor, Sharon Sayles Belton. To date, she has been the city's only non-white mayor.[45]

1968 yilda, Dennis Banks va Clyde Bellecourt were among those who founded the Amerika hindular harakati to advance civil rights for Native Americans.[46]

A growing city

Asosiy maqola: Twin City tezkor tranzit transporti
A former TCRT streetcar now operates between Lake Calhoun and Lake Harriet as part of the Minnesota tramvay muzeyi.

From about 200,000 in the 1900 Census, Minneapolis soared to its highest population recorded in 1950 of over 521,000 people. The main growth of the city was in part due to an organized private streetcar system. With 140 million passengers by 1920, the streetcars ran down important roads extending from Downtown Minneapolis. Neighborhood residential development out of the core mostly dates around the turn of the century as a result of this system.[47][48] This growth also allowed Minneapolis to annex land from neighboring villages and townships which subsequently pushed the incorporation of today's inner ring suburbs.[49]

The streetcar system was built by Twin City tezkor tranzit transporti and operated efficiently through 1949, with a program of reinvesting their profits into system improvements. However, in 1949, New York investor Charles Green gained control of the system, halted the rebuilding program, and announced a goal of completely converting the system to buses by 1958. These policies alienated the public and he was ousted in 1951, but his successor, Fred Ossanna, continued to cut service and replace the system with buses. On June 19, 1954, the last streetcar took its run.[50] A photo taken in 1954 shows James Towley handing Fred Ossanna a check while one of the streetcars burned in the background.[51] Later on, it was discovered that Ossanna and associates had plundered the streetcar system for personal gain.[50] A small section of the line between Lake Calhoun and Lake Harriet is now operated by the Minnesota tramvay muzeyi.

Reshaping downtown

Minneapolis shahar hokimligi

Downtown Minneapolis was the hub of business and financial activity. The Minneapolis shahar hokimligi (which also served as the Hennepin County Courthouse at the time) was the tallest building in Minneapolis from its construction in 1888 until 1929. A municipal ordinance instituted in 1890 restricted buildings to a height of 100 feet (30 m), later raised to 125 feet (38 m). Ning qurilishi First National – Soo Line Building in 1915, with a height of 252 feet (77 m), caused concerns among the real estate industry, so the 125-foot (twelve story) limit was reimposed at the request of the Minneapolis Civic and Commerce Association.[8][sahifa kerak ]

The twenty-seven story Rand minorasi, built in 1929, was the next major challenger to the height limit. The thirty-two story Foshay minorasi, also built in 1929, was the highest building in Minneapolis until 1971.[8][sahifa kerak ] Uning quruvchisi, Wilbur Foshay, wanted a tower built along the lines of the Vashington yodgorligi. He staged a lavish dedication ceremony complete with a yurish tomonidan tuzilgan Jon Filipp Sousa. About six weeks later, Foshay lost his fortune in the 1929 yildagi Wall Street halokati.[52] Foshay's $20,000 check to Sousa bounced, and Sousa forbade anyone else to play the march until the debt was repaid.[53]

Davomida Katta depressiya, buildings suffered from a lack of maintenance. Yozuvchi Sinkler Lyuis, returning to Minneapolis after a long absence, said, "Minneapolis is so ugly. Parking lots like scars. Most buildings are narrow, drab, dirty, flimsy, irregular in relationship to one another — a set of bad teeth."[8][sahifa kerak ] A decade later, downtown and surrounding areas would be reshaped radically by shahar yangilanishi and freeway construction. Keyin Ikkinchi jahon urushi, businesses and residents started moving to the suburbs, and downtown Minneapolis, along with downtowns across the nation, was perceived as dying. Urban planners, such as Le Corbusier, were advocating radically rebuilding downtowns by complete rebuilding and forcing out manufacturing and warehousing. Federal 1949 yildagi uy-joy to'g'risidagi qonun provided funding for clearing blighted areas, and city officials interpreted the definition of "blighted" liberally. The 1956 yildagi Federal yordam avtomagistrali to'g'risidagi qonun provided funding for an interstate highway system, which would also transform Minneapolis.[8][sahifa kerak ]

The Gateway District
Kasota building in 1927 Gateway District.

The Gateway district, centered around the intersection of Hennepin va Nicollet Avenues just west of the Mississippi River, was the major casualty of urban renewal. The neighborhood had become known as a slum with cheap hotels and flopxauslar. Qachon General Mills announced in 1955 that they were moving their corporate headquarters to Oltin vodiy, city planners decided to implement a large-scale Gateway district plan that included demolishing a large number of buildings. Between 1957 and 1965, one-third of downtown Minneapolis had been leveled, including the Metropolitan binosi and Kasota building.[8]

Avtomagistral construction had its impact on the city, with neighborhoods disrupted and housing stock lost. Between 1963 and 1975, Davlatlararo 35W from the south border of the city to its northeastern corner, Davlatlararo 94 dan Aziz Pol border into downtown, and the Crosstown (County Road 62, later to become Minnesota shtatidagi shosse 62 ) on the southern boundary of Minneapolis were built. The remaining portion of Interstate 94, from AQSh shosse 12 to the northern boundary of the city, was completed in 1982. Highway 12 was later rebuilt to Interstate standards in 1992, at which point it was renumbered Davlatlararo 394. Several proposed projects never were built, though. Minnesota shtatidagi avtomobil yo'li 55, running southeast from downtown to the Fort Snelling area and the Minneapolis - Sent-Pol xalqaro aeroporti, was slated to become a freeway, but the upgrade was canceled due to neighborhood opposition. Similarly, a proposed Interstate 335 was to run from Interstate 35W in northeast Minneapolis to a connection with Interstate 94 just north of downtown. This project was also canceled due to neighborhood opposition.[54]

Modern Minneapolis

Shaping the skyline

The IDS Center with the Wells Fargo Center reflected in its windows.
Skyline of Minneapolis in 1991

While the destruction of the Gateway district left a large gap in downtown Minneapolis, other developments would reshape it and transform the skyline. One of these developments was the building of the Nicollet savdo markazi in 1968. Previously known as Nicollet Avenue, the portion within the central business became a tree-lined mall for pedestrians and transit. The mall forms a kind of linear park, with trees and fountains and a dehqon bozori yozda. It also boosted the city's retail trade.[8][sahifa kerak ][55] The most dramatic change to the skyline came in 1974, when the IDS markazi ochildi. At a height of 775 feet 6 inches (236.37 m) when built, it dwarfed the previous highest building, the Foshay minorasi. Other additions to downtown included the Multifoods Tower (668 feet; 204 m) in 1983 now known as 33 Janubiy Oltinchi, Norwest markazi, built in 1988 and now renamed the Wells Fargo markazi, Campbell Mithun Tower —previously Piper Jaffray built in 1985, and Capella Tower, built in 1992 as the headquarters of First Bank. The Hubert H. Xamfri Metrodom, opened in 1982 and demolished in 2014, served as the home of the Minnesota vikinglari and previously hosted the Minnesota egizaklari, va Minnesota shtatidagi Golden Gophers futbol jamoasi. Now on the site is AQSh bank stadioni, uyi Minnesota vikinglari, mezbon Super Bowl LII, va 2019 yil to'rtinchi final. In the 1990s, the last wave of downtown development filled in parcels around the skyscrapers with towers 40 stories or less from companies such as Target, Ameriprise Financial, and AT&T.

Vertical residential housing also followed the corporate development. The 1970s condo boom saw many discreet high-rises blanket the former milling districts and Downtown West. Riverside Plaza, formerly Cedar Square West, was completed in 1973 as a six tower mixed-income self-contained urban village that originally was much larger and contains the tallest buildings outside Downtown. The plain modern and brutalist concrete styles of that period however were contrasted in the late 1990s to 2000s that brought in more prominent residential towers to the skyline with varying colors and architecture themes. Karleyl residence one block south of the Mississippi River is 41 stories built in art deco style and is the most recent addition to the skyline. Grant Park and Skyscape, though not as tall at 27–28 stories, have begun extending the skyline south into the Elliot Park neighborhood. The two contrast as one is traditional with red brick proportions while the other is in modern glass.

Yengil temir yo'l made its debut in Minneapolis with the opening of the Moviy chiziq on June 26, 2004. This line, part of the METRO system, starts in downtown Minneapolis and progresses southeastward along Minnesota shtatidagi avtomobil yo'li 55 (also known as Hiawatha Avenue), passes Minnehaha bog'i on the west side, and serves the Minneapolis - Sent-Pol xalqaro aeroporti before it terminates at the Mall of America yilda Bloomington. In 2014, service began on the Yashil chiziq which connects downtown with the Minnesota universiteti va shahar markazida Aziz Pol.

Rediscovering the riverfront

The output of the tailrace canal at Tegirmon xarobalari parki, with the Stone Arch Bridge above and to the right.

As industry and railroads left the Mississippi riverfront, people gradually became aware that the riverfront could be a destination for living, working, and shopping. The Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board acquired land along the river banks, including much of Nicollet Island, all of Boom Island, and the West River Parkway corridor. These properties were developed with trails and parkways, and this spurred the development of private land adjacent to the riverfront, creating the new Mill District neighborhood. The Toshli ko'prik was opened to pedestrian traffic in 1994, creating a link in the trail system and providing extensive views of Saint Anthony Falls. Some of the old commercial buildings were adapted to new uses. The Whitney Hotel was built in what used to be the Standard Mill, while the North Star Lofts was a new use for the former North Star Woolen Mills building. Other projects, such as Sent-Entoni Main and a number of condominium and townhouse projects, provide residents with the opportunity to live within view of Saint Anthony Falls.[11]

Urban archeology along the riverfront has uncovered remnants of the flour mills built in the 1860s and 1870s, along with the headrace canal that once supplied water to the mills and the trestle supports for the Minnesota Eastern Railroad. These ruins, which had once been buried with gravel and fill, are now open to the public as Tegirmon xarobalari parki. The park has signs interpreting the history of the area and the buildings that had once been there. The Washburn "A" Mill, severely damaged by a 1991 fire but now stabilized, now hosts the Mill City muzeyi, opened in 2003 by the Minnesota tarixiy jamiyati. The museum presents a history of flour milling and industrial development along the river, and an eight-story elevator ride shows the various steps that turned wheat into flour.[11] The Gutri teatri moved to a new building along the riverfront in 2006, just southeast of the Mill City Museum.

Confronting structural racism

Police and protesters stand off outside the third precinct station in Minneapolis on May 27, 2020
Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Jorj Floyd Minneapolis-Sent-Polda norozilik namoyishlarini o'tkazmoqda

By the 21st century, Minneapolis was to home to some of the largest irqiy nomutanosibliklar Qo'shma Shtatlarda. The city's population of people of color and Indigenous people fared worse than the city's white population for many measures of well being, such as health outcomes, academic achievement, income, and home ownership. The result of discriminatory policies and racism over the course of the city's history, racial disparities was described as the most significant issue facing Minneapolis in the first decades of the 21st century.[56]

In the 2010s, several deaths of black men in Minneapolis and the metropolitan region by police officers brought issues of structural racism to the city's forefront. 2015 yilda Jamar Klarkning otib tashlanishi, a black man, by a Minneapolis police officer led to controversy; it was later determined that the officers had acted in self defense and no charges were filed. 2016 yilda Filando Kastiliyani otib tashlash, a black man, in nearby Falcon Heights ended with a jury acquittal for the involved officer.[57] In May 2020, following the Jorj Floydni o'ldirish, a black man, while under custody of Minneapolis police officers, protests exploded throughout the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. Some commentators blamed what they called a history of structural racism, lack of police accountability, state aggression against protest movements, and untenable social conditions in Minneapolis as contributing factors to the events that unfolded soon after Floyd's death.[57]

While many protesters and gatherings in May and June of 2020 were peaceful, clashes between police forces and protesters culminated in three evenings from May 28 to May 30 of widespread property damage, looting, and fires, with the city's third precinct police station being abandoned by forces and overrun by protesters. Estimates of property damage were upwards of $500 million, making the unrest in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area the second most destructive in United States history, after the 1992 yil Los-Anjelesdagi tartibsizliklar.[58] Floyd's death and the resulting unrest in Minneapolis inspired a global protest movement about structural racism and police brutality.

Izohlar

  1. ^ Molly Ladd-Taylor found that many of those labeled feeble-minded had experienced "family violence, sexual abuse, disability, and abject poverty."[38]

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Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • Faue, Elizabeth (1991). Community of Suffering and Struggle: Women, Men, and the Labor Movement in Minneapolis, 1915–1945. UNC matbuot kitoblari. ISBN  978-1-4696-1719-0.
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  • Hofsommer, Don L. (2009). "'Temples of Mammon and Hives of Industry': Railroads and the Minneapolis Milling District". Minnesota tarixi. 61 (6): 248–259. JSTOR  40543907.
  • Hofsommer, Don (2012). Minneapolis va temir yo'llar davri. Minnesota universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-8166-4502-2.
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Birlamchi manbalar

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